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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 281, Issue 48, 36977-36984, December 1, 2006
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and CD3
Dimers with the T Cell Receptor*
1
¶2
From the
Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, the Program in Immunology, and the ¶Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
Received for publication, July 27, 2006
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ABSTRACT |
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 TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTIONEXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURESRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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, CD3
, and 
, is organized by transmembrane (TM) interactions. Each of the three assembly steps requires formation of a three-helix interface involving one particular basic TCR TM residue and two acidic TM residues of the respective signaling dimer. The extracellular domains of CD3 and CD3 contribute to assembly, but TCR interaction sites on CD3 dimers have not been defined. The structures of the extracellular domains of CD3 and CD3 demonstrated parallel 
-strands ending at the first cysteine in the CXXCXEXXX motif present in the stalk segment of each CD3 chain. Mutation of the membrane-proximal cysteines impaired assembly of either CD3 dimer with TCR, and little complex was isolated when all four membrane-proximal cysteines were mutated to alanine. These mutations had, however, no discernable effect on CD3 or CD3 dimerization. CD3 assembled with a TCR
mutant that lacked both immunoglobulin domains, but shortening of the TCR connecting peptide reduced assembly, consistent with membrane-proximal TCR-CD3 interactions. Chelation of divalent cations did not affect assembly, indicating that coordination of a cation by the tetracysteine motif was not required. The membrane-proximal cysteines were within close proximity but only formed covalent CD3 dimers when one cysteine was mutated. The four cysteines may thus form two intrachain disulfide bonds integral to the secondary structure of CD3 stalk regions. The three-chain interaction theme first established for the TM domains thus extends into the membrane-proximal domains of TCR-CD3 and TCR-CD3. |
INTRODUCTION |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONEXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURESRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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, CD3, and (1-11). The chain only has a short nine-amino acid extracellular domain and forms covalent dimers through a cysteine at position 2 of the predicted transmembrane (TM) domain (3, 12, 13). The CD3, -, and - chains have more substantial extracellular components, and their Ig domains form noncovalent heterodimers through parallel -strands, which create a -sheet along the dimer interface. In each CD3 chain, a nine-amino acid segment with a highly conserved CXXCXEXXX motif connects this -strand to the TM domain (1, 14-18).
Assembly of the TCR heterodimer with the three dimeric signaling modules requires proper placement of a total of nine ionizable TM residues, the three basic TM residues of the TCR heterodimer (7, 19) and a pair of acidic TM residues in each signaling module (4). Each basic TCR TM residue serves a specific role in the assembly process; lysine residues located close to the center of the TM domains of TCR and TCR serve as interaction sites for the CD3 and CD3 dimers, respectively, whereas the arginine in the N-terminal third of the TCR TM domain interacts with the dimer (4). The formation of these three-chain TM interactions requires both acidic residues of each signaling module, because substitution of only one of these acidic residues greatly diminishes or abolishes complex formation (4, 20).
Several lines of evidence suggest contributions of the CD3 extracellular domains to assembly of TCR-CD3 complexes, but the location and precise nature of these interaction sites on CD3 dimers remain unknown. Global approaches have demonstrated physical proximity between TCR constant domains and CD3 dimers. Chemical cross-linking experiments demonstrated an interaction between TCR and CD3 (21), a result consistent with the TM interaction of the acidic CD3 residues and the TCR lysine (4, 22). Furthermore, a mAb (H57) that binds to the TCR C FG loop was shown to reduce subsequent staining with a CD3 mAb (2C11) (23). Steric hindrance between these two mAbs does not provide fine resolution due to the fact that Fab fragments are similar in size to the entire TCR ectodomain.
TCR-CD3 complexes contain only one copy of each CD3 dimer, despite the similarity of the lysine-based TM interaction sites for CD3 and CD3 (4, 24, 25). At least two mechanisms contribute to the specific requirement for both CD3 dimers; the TCR chain has a strong preference for interaction with CD3, and efficient interaction of CD3 with TCR requires prior association of TCR and CD3 (4). A contribution of the CD3 extracellular domains to specificity of assembly was shown by domain exchange; a CD3 mutant with the TM domain of CD3 was incorporated into full TCR-CD3 complexes, but a CD3 mutant with the extracellular domain of CD3 failed to be incorporated (4, 22, 26).
The persisting uncertainties about the physical nature of TCR-CD3 extracellular domain interactions have resulted in a number of competing models (2). Early models emphasized lateral interactions between Ig domains of TCR and CD3 dimers. However, a more recent model suggested the possibility that the CD3 ectodomains may be located close to the cell membrane underneath the TCR constant domains (27). This model is based on three facts: 1) the TM domains of TCR-CD3 and TCR-CD3 are within close proximity (4); 2) the CD3 stalks are substantially shorter than the TCR connecting peptides (2); 3) the location of conserved glycans in CD3, CD3, and TCR excludes particular surfaces as candidates for such interactions (27). This model suggests that the stalk regions of TCR-CD3 and TCR-CD3 may form a three-chain interface. We therefore investigated whether the conserved CXX-CXEXXX motif present in all CD3 chains contributes to assembly of TCR-CD3 complexes.
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EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONEXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURESRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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(mouse mAb UCHT1) was obtained from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc. (Santa Cruz, CA), and high affinity anti-hemagglutinin (anti-HA, rat mAb 3F10) and calcium-dependent anti-Protein C (anti-PC, mouse mAb HPC4) were from Roche Applied Science. Streptavidin coupled to agarose beads was purchased from Sigma, and digitonin was from Biosynth International (Naperville, IL).
cDNA Constructs and in Vitro Transcription—Human CD3, -, -, and - constructs were generated form peripheral blood lymphocytes by reverse transcription-PCR, whereas TCR and - sequences originated from the A6 T cell clone (28). All sequences were cloned into a modified pSP64 vector (provided by M. Kozak) with the murine H-2Kb signal sequence (4). Mutations were introduced by PCR using overlapping primers. Peptide tags were added as C-terminal in-frame fusions, usually with a three-amino acid flexible linker. The streptavidin-binding peptide (SBP) was sequence C4 (29), with 4 methionines and 1 cysteine changed to serine so that radiolabeled methionine or cysteine would not be incorporated into the tag. Peptide tag sequences (single-letter code) were as follows: SBP (SDEKTTGWRGGHVVEGLAGELEQLRARLEHHPQGQREPSSSGGSKLG), PC (EDQVDPRLIDGK), and HA peptide (YPYDVPDYA). In vitro transcription was performed from linearized cDNA constructs using a RiboMax T7 large scale RNA production kit and methyl-7G cap analog (Promega, Madison, WI).
Translation and Assembly Reactions—Each 25-µl reaction contained 17.5 µl of nuclease-treated rabbit reticulocyte lysate (Promega), 0.5 µl of amino acid mixture minus cysteine and methionine (Promega), 0.5 µl of SUPERase-In RNase inhibitor (Ambion), 1.0 µl of 35S-labeled methionine (Amersham Biosciences), equivalent molar amounts of each RNA (60-200 ng of each), and 2.0 µl of ER microsomes. These microsomes were prepared on continuous iodixanol gradients from a mouse IVD12 hybridoma (ATCC) as previously described (4). All translation and assembly reactions were performed at 30 °C. An initial translation period of 30 min under reducing conditions was followed by a 2-4-h assembly period (4 h for complete TCR-CD3 complexes, 2 h for any assembly intermediate) after the addition of GSSG to 4 mM. Reaction volumes were 25-100 µl as required for optimal signal with multistep sequential nondenaturing IP (snIP) procedures.
Immunoprecipitation, Electrophoretic Analysis, and Densitometry—Translation and assembly reactions were stopped by dilution with 1 ml of ice-cold TBS, 10 mM iodoacetamide, and microsomes were pelleted (10 min/20,800 g/4 °C) and rinsed. Pellets were resuspended in 20 µl of solubilization/IP buffer (TBS plus 0.5% digitonin, 10 mM iodoacetamide, 0.1% bovine serum albumin, 5 µg/ml leupeptin, 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride; with 1 mM CaCl2 when anti-Protein C mAb was used) by vigorous pipetting and then rotated for 30 min at 4 °C in a total of 400 µl of solubilization/IP buffer. Lysates were precleared for 1 h with PBS/bovine serum albumin-blocked Sepharose 4 beads, and primary captures were performed overnight at 4 °C. Primary IP products were washed twice in 0.5 ml of wash buffer (TBS plus 0.5% digitonin, 10 mM iodoacetamide; with 1 mM CaCl2 for anti-Protein C mAb binding). Nondenaturing elution of SA-captured complexes was performed by incubation with 400 µl of solubilization/IP buffer with 100 µM free biotin for 1 h at 4 °C, and eluted complexes were incubated with subsequent antibodies and Protein G-Sepharose 4 beads (Amersham Biosciences) for 2 h at 4°C and washed as before. Nondenaturing elution with EDTA (PC tag) was performed as described (4). Final precipitates were digested for 1 h at 37 °C with 500 units of endoglycosidase H (New England Biolabs), separated on 12% BisTris gels under nonreducing conditions (Invitrogen), transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride membranes, and exposed to PhosphorImager plates. Densitometry was performed using the Wide Line tool in the ImageQuant software package (Amersham Biosciences).
Chelation of Cations during TCR-CD3 Assembly—RNAs were translated for 30 min under reducing conditions to permit insertion of newly synthesized radiolabeled proteins into ER microsomes. 20 mM EDTA was then added to the reaction to chelate all divalent cations (0.5 mM Mg2+ is present in rabbit reticulocyte lysate); the same volume of water was added to control reactions. 4 mM GSSG was added simultaneously to initiate formation of structural disulfide bonds. Following a 2-4-h assembly period, membrane microsomes were pelleted and solubilized in IP buffer supplemented with 20 mM EDTA. TCR-CD3 complexes were isolated by one-step IP using the CD3-specific UCHT1 mAb. Endoglycosidase H digestion, electrophoresis, and densitometry were performed as described above.
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RESULTS |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONEXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURESRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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and CD3—The membrane-proximal segments of CD3, -, and - carry a highly conserved CXXCXEXXX sequence motif, and the two cysteines within this motif are located at positions -6 and -9 relative to the predicted TM segments (Fig. 1A). The NMR and crystal structures of CD3 and CD3 demonstrated that the G strands of the two chains form a long -sheet at the dimer interface (27, 30, 31), as illustrated in Fig. 1B for human CD3 and CD3. The cysteines were not included in these recombinant soluble proteins or could not be resolved in these structures, but the available structural information indicates that the four cysteines are located within close proximity in the stalk region of both CD3 dimers. Conserved arginines are located close to the C terminus of the -strands, and the stalk starts with the first cysteine of this motif (Fig. 1C). The four cysteines may form two intrachain disulfide bonds that stabilize the secondary structure of the CD3 stalk regions or may coordinate a divalent cation, such as zinc. The CD3 constructs that were used to probe the contribution of these cysteine residues to assembly of CD3 dimers with TCR are illustrated in Fig. 1D.
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or CD3 Dimerization— We examined the assembly of CD3 dimers and their interaction with TCR using an in vitro translation system with ER microsomes isolated from a murine B cell hybridoma, and we and others have previously shown that this system faithfully reproduces protein interactions in the ER identified with metabolic labeling techniques in cells (4, 32, 33). Major advantages of this system are that a series of mutations can be evaluated in parallel under identical reaction conditions and that quantification of 35S-labeled protein complexes provides highly reproducible measurements (25).
Previous studies based on Western blotting techniques had suggested that the membrane-proximal cysteines may contribute to formation of CD3 dimers (31, 34), and we therefore tested the efficiency of CD3 dimerization for mutants in which both membrane-proximal cysteines of CD3, -, and/or - were substituted by alanine (Fig. 2). CD3 complexes were isolated with the UCHT1 mAb that binds to an exposed surface epitope of CD3. This mAb is suitable for this analysis, because it immunoprecipitates properly folded CD3 and CD3 dimers (Fig. 2, lanes 1 and 2), including CD3 dimers incorporated into TCR-CD3 complexes (Figs. 3, 4, 5, 6) (4, 27, 35, 36). Alanine substitution of the two membrane-proximal cysteines of CD3 (2CA) did not reduce recovery of dimers with WT CD3 or CD3 (lanes 4 and 5). A mixing control (*, lane 3) in which the three chains were translated separately and then combined prior to solubilization of membranes with digitonin and IP demonstrated that dimer formation occurred in ER microsomes and not following solubilization. Similar mutations of both cysteines in either CD3 or CD3 (2CA and 2CA, respectively, lanes 6 and 7) did not impair dimer formation with WT CD3, and even alanine substitution of all four membrane-proximal cysteines did not reduce either CD3 or CD3 dimerization (lanes 8 and 9).
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with TCR—The first major step in the assembly of TCR-CD3 complexes is the interaction of TCR with the CD3 dimer (4, 20), and we examined if mutation of the membrane-proximal cysteines of CD3 or - affects this assembly step (Fig. 3). Three-chain complexes were isolated by two-step snIP using the calcium-dependent PC epitope tag attached to TCR in the first IP step. Following elution with EDTA, complexes containing CD3 were then isolated in the second IP step with the UCHT1 mAb. Substitution of the two cysteines at positions 72 and 75 of CD3 substantially reduced assembly of CD3 with TCR (24% relative to WT; lane 5), and simultaneous substitution of all four membrane-proximal cysteines of the CD3 dimer resulted in an almost complete assembly defect (5% relative to WT; lane 7). Substitution of the two cysteines in only CD3 had only a subtle effect (lane 3), but these two cysteines contributed to assembly, because simultaneous mutation of CD3 and CD3 resulted in a substantially more severe assembly defect than mutation of CD3 alone (5% versus 24% relative to WT, respectively). Mixing controls (*, lanes 2, 4, 6, and 8) demonstrated specificity of assembly, and parallel analysis of aliquots of reactions without IP (lower panel) confirmed the presence of equal quantities of input proteins.
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C72A and C75A) and examined CD3 dimerization as well as assembly with TCR (Fig. 3B). Both point mutations reduced assembly with TCR to a similar extent as simultaneous substitution of both cysteines (23-30% relative to WT; lanes 8 and 9). Loss of either one or both cysteine side chains may prevent formation of an intrachain disulfide bond and thus modify the conformation of the stalk region. We also generated a CD3 mutant in which both cysteines were substituted by serine (2CS); this mutant maintained the polar character and size of the side chains at positions 72 and 75 but lacked the ability to form a disulfide bond at this site. This mutant showed the same assembly defect as the single or double alanine mutants (lane 10).
Analysis of CD3 mutants in which only a single cysteine was modified also demonstrated that the four cysteines in the stalk region were within close proximity; mutation of either cysteine resulted in the formation of covalent dimers with CD3 (indicated by the dagger in Fig. 3B, lanes 3 and 4). The IP strategy used for this experiment ensured isolation of CD3 heterodimers, because the streptavidin-binding peptide (SBP) tag attached to CD3 was used in the first IP step (elution with biotin), and the HA tag on CD3 was used in the second step.
A TCR Mutant Lacking the Entire Ig Domain Assembles with CD3—These results suggested that interactions among the membrane-proximal segments may be involved in assembly of TCR with CD3. We examined the structural requirements on the TCR side by generating a mutant that contained the entire connecting peptide but lacked both variable and constant Ig domains (TM2) (Fig. 4A). This mutant assembled with CD3 (Fig. 4B, lane 3), indicating that interaction among TCR Ig domains and CD3 was not required for this step. Densitometry measurements of input radiolabeled proteins (Fig. 4B, lower panel) demonstrated that similar molar quantities of WT TCR and TM2 proteins were present in these reactions (lanes 1 and 3, respectively). Another mutant in which the TCR connecting peptide was shortened to six residues (TM1) also bound to CD3, but the yield of this three-chain complex was reduced (lane 2, 30% relative to WT).
Both TCR mutants showed a pattern comparable with WT TCR when analyzed against the panel of CD3 mutants in which the membrane-proximal cysteines were substituted by alanine or serine (Figs. 3B and 4C). For example, the double serine CD3 mutant (2CS) showed a severe assembly defect with both TM1 and TM2 proteins (7-10% relative to WT CD3), indicating that loss of the TCR Ig domains had not resulted in a different type of interaction with CD3 for these proteins.
Mutation of Membrane-proximal Cysteines Also Affects Association of CD3 with TCR but Not Association of the Dimer— The CD3 dimer assembles efficiently with TCR only in the presence of the CD3 dimer (4), indicating that association of CD3 usually occurs following formation of the TCR-CD3 assembly intermediate. We therefore assessed the effect of mutation of the membrane-proximal cysteines in the CD3 dimer in the context of the six-chain CD3-TCR-CD3 assembly intermediate by targeting the CD3 (PC tag) and CD3 (HA tag) chains in a two-step snIP (Fig. 5A). We have previously shown that this IP method yields stoichiometric quantities of all three dimers (1:1:1) (25). Mutation of the two cysteines in either CD3 or CD3 (2CA and 2CA) moderately reduced recovery of the six-chain complex (lanes 3 and 5), but substitution of all four cysteines resulted in a severe assembly defect (lane 7, 11% relative to WT). In this experiment, the CD3 mutation affected the interaction of both CD3 and CD3 with TCR, but the results in Fig. 3A had demonstrated that the CD3 mutation had only a modest effect in the context of the CD3 dimer as long as CD3 was WT (71% of CD3-TCR complexes relative to WT CD3). The observed reduction in the yield of six-chain complexes was thus primarily due to mutation of the four cysteines in the CD3 dimer. The results for the CD3 dimer were thus similar to CD3, because mutation of all four cysteines had a more substantial effect than mutation of cysteines in only one chain (Figs. 3A and 5A). Mutation of the membrane-proximal cysteines of CD3 and - did not affect the last assembly step, the association of the dimer (Fig. 5B), because the reduction in recovery of fully assembled complexes resembled the reduction of six-chain complexes, indicating that there was no additional negative effect on the last assembly step. In fact, the yield of complexes with the CD3 and - cysteine mutations was higher in the presence of (lane 6, 57% of complexes relative to WT CD3 and -) than in its absence (lane 3, 15% of complexes relative to WT), suggesting that the dimer may stabilize complexes that incorporate these mutated CD3 chains.
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-CD3 three-chain complexes (Fig. 6B) or full TCR-CD3 complexes (Fig. 6C). The results clearly demonstrated that chelation of divalent cations had no substantial effect on assembly, ruling out the possibility that the membrane-proximal tetracysteine motifs bind a divalent cation essential for interaction of CD3 dimers with TCR. A small reduction in recovery of the assembled complex was observed, most likely due to the fact that the presence of divalent cations promotes oxidative disulfide bond formation. |
DISCUSSION |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONEXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURESRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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and CD3 dimers is an important structural element for their assembly with TCR. Assembly was severely impaired (to 
10% or less compared with WT) when all four cysteines of a given CD3 dimer were mutated to alanine. The interaction of CD3 with TCR was examined in detail, and mutation of the two membrane-proximal cysteines of CD3 to alanine or serine was found to substantially reduce assembly (to 23-30%). Mutation of the two cysteines of CD3 only moderately affected interaction with TCR, but simultaneous mutation of CD3 and CD3 resulted in an assembly defect (reduction to 5%) considerably more severe than for the CD3 mutant alone. Similarly, mutation of the two membrane-proximal cysteines of CD3 moderately reduced assembly with TCR (to 46%), but combined CD3 and CD3 mutations again resulted in a severe assembly defect (to 11%). In this experiment, the CD3 mutant was incorporated into both CD3 and CD3 dimers, but it appeared that the assembly defect was primarily localized to the CD3 side, because the CD3 mutation alone only moderately affected the CD3-TCR interaction. These are the first point mutations in the CD3 extracellular domains shown to significantly impact assembly of CD3 dimers with TCR.
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were mutated to alanine. CD3 chains were immunoprecipitated with the APA1/1 mAb and associated CD3 or CD3 were visualized by Western blotting (34). Sun et al. (31) also transfected COS cells but performed immunoprecipitation and Western blot analysis with antibodies to attached HA and FLAG epitope tags. These authors mutated the cysteines of murine CD3 to serine but did not observe a substantial reduction in the efficiency of assembly with CD3 (67% of WT), in contrast to the results reported by Borroto et al. (34) with a CD3 alanine mutant. However, introduction of three additional mutations (at Tyr59, Tyr72, and Tyr74) located N-terminal to Cys80 and Cys83 of CD3 severely impaired CD3 dimer formation (31). We performed a comprehensive analysis in which the CXXC motif was mutated in all three CD3 chains and found that even mutation of all four membrane-proximal cysteines did not reduce CD3 or CD3 dimer formation. The cysteine residues thus do not appear to be required for CD3 dimerization, unless the dimer interface is weakened by introduction of several other mutations. This conclusion is consistent with the finding that CD3 and CD3 can be refolded from proteins expressed in Escherichia coli that lack the CXXC motifs (30, 31).
Our mutagenesis experiments also demonstrate that the cysteines can form covalent CD3 dimers when a single cysteine in the CXXC motif is mutated to alanine (Fig. 3B). The cysteines of CD3 and CD3 chains are thus within sufficient proximity to form an interchain disulfide bond, and the absence of such interchain disulfide bonds in properly folded CD3 and CD3 dimers indicates that the SH groups are either stably bound to an unknown polar ligand or that they have already formed stable intrachain disulfide bonds prior to CD3 dimerization.
We considered the possibility that the tetracysteine motif may coordinate a cation such as zinc. Cysteine-based motifs coordinate zinc and other cations in many different proteins, such as the DNA binding domain of the glucocorticoid receptor. The glucocorticoid receptor DNA binding domain has two zinc-containing regions, and each binds zinc through four cysteine residues. The first zinc binding site is formed by two CXXC motifs, and the bound zinc ion stabilizes the -helix that binds in the major groove of double-stranded DNA (37, 38). However, assembly of the CD3-TCR intermediate or complete TCR-CD3 complexes was not reduced when cations were chelated with EDTA. The mutagenesis experiments also argue against an essential role of a coordinated cation in assembly of CD3 dimers with TCR. Mutation of the two cysteines in one chain of a CD3 dimer would be predicted to destroy a metal coordination site, yet mutation of the CXXC motif in CD3 alone only modestly reduced assembly of CD3 with TCR.
An alternative explanation for the important structural role of the CXXC motifs is that the two membrane-proximal cysteines of a given CD3 chain form an intrachain disulfide bond, as previously suggested by Borroto et al. (34). Several lines of evidence support this hypothesis. The close physical proximity of the two cysteines may favor rapid formation of intrachain disulfide bonds upon insertion of the nascent protein chain into the oxidizing environment of the ER, and formation of these disulfide bonds may occur more rapidly than folding of the Ig domain and subsequent CD3 dimerization. Rapid formation of an intrachain disulfide bond may thus explain why properly folded CD3 or CD3 dimers lack interchain disulfide bonds. CXXC motifs form the catalytic site of thioredoxin and related enzymes, and the two cysteines form a disulfide bond at a particular step in the catalytic cycle, indicating that cysteines in CXXC motifs can be within sufficient proximity for disulfide bond formation. The N-terminal cysteine in the CXXC motif of thioredoxin serves as a nucleophilic attacking group and forms a transient disulfide bond with the substrate protein. Subsequent attack of this disulfide by the C-terminal cysteine releases the reduced product and results in the formation of a disulfide bond between the two cysteines of the CXXC motif (39, 40).
We made substantial efforts to isolate the membrane-proximal domains for analysis by mass spectrometry to directly demonstrate the presence of intrachain disulfide bonds (the presence of the disulfide bond is predicted to reduce the molecular mass of the peptide by 2 daltons). However, despite the use of multiple enzymes and isolation techniques, membrane-proximal or TM domain cleavage fragments could not be identified by mass spectrometry, although many other fragments were identified at high redundancy. Proteolytic cleavage of the membrane-proximal fragment may be impaired by the neighboring TM domain, and recovery of long fragments containing the TM may be reduced by their hydrophobicity and/or bound detergent. Nevertheless, all available data are consistent with the hypothesis that the four membrane-proximal cysteines serve a structural role by forming two intrachain disulfide bonds in the CD3 stalk regions.
Much effort in the field has focused on identifying contacts between the Ig domains of CD3 dimers and TCR (2), but point mutations that substantially impair assembly had not been identified. This study demonstrates that the stalk regions of the CD3 dimers are important structural elements for the interaction of CD3 dimers with TCR. This conclusion is also supported by the finding that a TCR mutant containing the entire connecting peptide but lacking the Ig domains assembled with CD3, whereas a mutant in which the connecting peptide was shortened to six residues assembled at a reduced level. A structural role of the CD3 stalk region CXXC motifs in assembly is also consistent with the reported finding that mutations in the TCR connecting peptide impair TCR signaling (41). The membrane-proximal CXXC motifs may contribute to the secondary structure of the CD3 stalk regions and may also help to properly position the CD3 TM domains for interaction with the appropriate TCR TM helix.
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FOOTNOTES |
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1 Supported by a postdoctoral fellowship from the Arthritis Foundation.
2 To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel.: 617-632-3086; Fax: 617-632-2662; E-mail: Kai_Wucherpfennig{at}dfci.harvard.edu.
3 The abbreviations used are: TCR, T cell receptor; TM, transmembrane; SBP, streptavidin-binding peptide; PC, Protein C-derived peptide; HA, hemagglutinin peptide; IP, immunoprecipitation; snIP, sequential nondenaturing immunoprecipitation; TBS, Tris-buffered saline; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; WT, wild type; mAb, monoclonal antibody; BisTris, 2-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-2-(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol.
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONEXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURESRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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, lanes 3 and 4), indicating that the cysteines comprising the tetracysteine motif are within close proximity. Analysis of aliquots of translation reactions prior to IP demonstrated equal quantities of input proteins (lower panel).
