Advertisement
JBC

HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced]


     

Originally published In Press as doi:10.1074/jbc.M506357200 on December 22, 2005

J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 281, Issue 8, 4654-4662, February 24, 2006
This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow All Versions of this Article:
281/8/4654    most recent
M506357200v1
Right arrow Submit a Letter to Editor
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me when eLetters are posted
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowRequest Permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Dam, G. B. t.
Right arrow Articles by van Kuppevelt, T. H.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Dam, G. B. t.
Right arrow Articles by van Kuppevelt, T. H.
Social Bookmarking
Add to CiteULike   Add to Complore   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us   Add to Digg   Add to Reddit   Add to Technorati  
What's this?

3-O-Sulfated Oligosaccharide Structures Are Recognized by Anti-heparan Sulfate Antibody HS4C3*

Gerdy B. ten Dam{ddagger}1, Sindhulakshmi Kurup§1, Els M. A. van de Westerlo{ddagger}, Elly M. M. Versteeg{ddagger}, Ulf Lindahl§, Dorothe Spillmann§, and Toin H. van Kuppevelt{ddagger}2

From the {ddagger}Department of Biochemistry, Nijmegen Center for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands and the Department of §Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, The Biomedical Center, Box 582, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden

Received for publication, June 10, 2005 , and in revised form, December 7, 2005.


   ABSTRACT
TOP
 ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Antibodies against heparan sulfate (HS) are useful tools to study the structural diversity of HS. They demonstrate the large sequential variation within HS and show the distribution of HS oligosaccharide sequences within their natural environment. We analyzed the distribution and the structural characteristics of the oligosaccharide epitope recognized by anti-HS antibody HS4C3. Biosynthetic and synthetic heparin-related oligosaccharide libraries were used in affinity chromatography, immunoprecipitation, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to identify this epitope as a 3-O-sulfated motif with antithrombin binding capacity. The antibody binds weakly to any N-sulfated, 2-O- and 6-O-sulfated hexa- to octasaccharide fragment but strongly to the corresponding oligosaccharide when there is a 3-O-sulfated glucosamine residue present in the sequence. This difference was highlighted by affinity interaction and immunohistochemistry at salt concentrations from 500 mM. At physiological salt conditions the antibody strongly recognized basal lamina of epithelia and endothelia. At 500 mM salt conditions, when 3-O sulfation is required for binding, antibody recognition was more restricted and selective. Antibody HS4C3 bound similar tissue structures as antithrombin in rat kidney. Furthermore, antithrombin and antibody HS4C3 could compete with one another for binding to heparin. Antibody HS4C3 was also able to inhibit the anti-coagulant activities of heparin and Arixtra as demonstrated using the activated partial thromboplastin time clotting and the anti-factor Xa assays. In summary, antibody HS4C3 selectively detects 3-O-sulfated HS structures and interferes with the coagulation activities of heparin by association with the anti-thrombin binding pentasaccharide sequence.


   INTRODUCTION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Heparan sulfate (HS)3 proteoglycans consist of a core protein with covalently linked HS side chains, and occur on cell surfaces and in the extracellular matrix. HS polysaccharides consist of up to ~200 repeating disaccharide units (glucosamine {alpha}1–4-glucuronic acid beta1–4 and glucosamine {alpha}1–4-iduronic acid {alpha}1–4), which are variably modified by N-acetyl/N-sulfate and O-sulfate groups (1, 2). The HS chains have fundamental roles in embryonic development, homeostasis, and disease, by interaction with regulatory proteins (morphogens, growth factors, enzymes etc.), mediated by specific HS domains (3). HS-protein interactions are believed to be dictated not only by the overall charge of the HS chain but also by the distribution and positioning of the negatively charged carboxyl and sulfate groups within the HS chain (4). The structural diversity within the HS chain arises through the ordered action of sulfotransferases and an epimerase (1, 5, 6) during HS biosynthesis within the Golgi apparatus and may be further affected by the extracellular action of endosulfatases after biosynthesis (7). The biosynthetic HS modification reactions include N-deacetylation/N-sulfation of the glucosamine (GlcN) residues by N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferases, C5 epimerization of glucuronic acid (GlcA) to form iduronic acid (IdoA) by glucuronyl-C5 epimerase, 2-O-sulfation of uronic acids by 2-O-sulfotransferase (2-OST), and 3-O and 6-O-sulfation of GlcNs by 3-O and 6-O-sulfotransferases (3-OST and 6-OST) (1, 5, 8–13). The 3-O-sulfation of GlcN is the last event during biosynthesis and introduces one of the rarest HS modifications (~0.5% of disaccharide units substituted albeit highly variable) (10). The different 3-OST isoforms act on specific target sequences to create unique oligosaccharide structures that have been implicated with blood anticoagulation (14), viral infection (15, 16), kidney anionic filtration (17), and cancer (by silencing the 3-OST-2 gene through methylation) (18). The availability of an antibody recognizing 3-O-sulfated HS oligosaccharides would facilitate (in situ) studies to analyze the role of this modification in health and disease. Here we demonstrate that the anti-HS antibody HS4C3 recognizes a3-O-sulfated epitope and has selective neutralization capacity for the heparin AT-pentasaccharide binding sequence as compared with the clinically used nonspecific antidote protamine.


   EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Materials—All chemicals used were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany), unless stated otherwise. Bacterial medium (2x TY) was from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, California). Isopropyl beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside, the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) reagent, normal reference plasma, and HIS-select cobalt affinity gel were from Sigma. Protamine sulfate was from MP Biomedicals (Irvine, CA) and the Coatest heparin was from Chromogenix AB (Lexington, MA). The protease inhibitor mixture was from Roche (Basel, Switzerland). Mowiol (4–88) and AT III from human plasma were obtained from Calbiochem (La Jolla, CA). Microlon 96-well microtiter plates were from Greiner (Frickenhausen, Germany). Protein A-Sepharose beads, Sephadex G-15, a prepacked Superdex 30 column (1.6 x 60 cm), prepacked PD-10 columns, and NaB3H4 (50–75 Ci/mmol) were from Amersham Biosciences. A ProPac PA1 column was purchased from Dionex (Surrey, UK). Bio-Gel P-10, fine, was obtained from Bio-Rad. Heparin, HS from porcine intestinal mucosa, and HS from bovine kidney were purchased from Sigma. Fraxiparine (nadroparine calcium) and Arixtra (fondaparinux sodium, synthetic oligosaccharide 16) were from Sanofi-Synthelabo (Maassluis, The Netherlands). Synthetic heparin oligosaccharides (Table 1) were a kind gift by Dr. M. Petitou (Sanofi-Synthelabo Research, Toulouse, France). Heparin 6-mer (dp6) oligosaccharide and N-desulfated/N-acetylated heparin 6-mer (dp6), prepared as described by Goger et al. (19) and Ostrovsky et al. (20), were kindly given by Prof. J. Gallagher (Department of Medical Oncology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom). Recombinant heparinase III (from Flavobacterium heparinum) was a kind gift from IBEX Technologies (Montreal, QC, Canada). The anti-VSV tag mouse hybridoma cell line P5D4 was obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (IgG; ATCC, Manassas, VA). Anti-HS "stub" antibody (3G10 (12)) was from Seikagaku Kogyo Co. (Tokyo, Japan). Polyclonal antibody to human AT III was from Acris (Hiddenhausen, Germany). Alexa 488-conjugated rabbit anti-mouse IgGs and Alexa 488 donkey anti-sheep IgGs were from Molecular Probes (Eugene, OR). Alkaline phosphatase-conjugated rabbit anti-mouse IgG was from Dakopatts (Glostrup, Denmark). Alkaline phosphatase-conjugated donkey anti-sheep was from Sigma. All experiments were performed at ambient temperature (22 °C), unless stated otherwise.


View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		TABLE 1
Reactivity of antibody HS4C3 with synthetic HS oligosaccharides

The reactivity of antibody HS4C3 with the synthetic oligosaccharides was studied by immunoprecipitation analysis and competition ELISA, as described under "Experimental Procedures" and "Results." Data as illustrated in Fig. 5 and not shown are combined in this table. A strong positive reaction with an oligosaccharide is indicated by +, a weak reaction is indicated by +/–, and no reaction is indicated by –. The oligosaccharides indicated + in competition ELISA are those with an IC50 of <5 µg/ml in the binding of HS4C3 to immobilized HS. All oligosaccharides are derivates of oligosaccharide number 16, which is commercially available under the name Arixtra. The total number of sulfate groups per oligosaccharides is indicated. The following abbreviations are used in the table: GlcNS, N-sulfated glucosamine; Glc, glucose; 2S, 2-O-sulfated; 3S, 3-O-sulfated; 6S, 6-O-sulfated; Me, methyl; Bu, butyl; Oc, octyl.

 
Animals and Tissues—Tissues were taken from rats (Wistar, male, 8 weeks old), obtained from the Central Animal Laboratory (RUNMC, Nijmegen, The Netherlands).

Expression and Purification of Antibody HS4C3—Antibody HS4C3 (21) was subcloned into vector pUC119-His-VSV (J. M. H. Raats, Dept. of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands), which is largely similar to the original phage vector but contains a polyhistidine and VSV tag instead of the c-Myc tag for detection and purification of the antibodies (22). To produce antibodies, periplasmic fractions of infected bacteria were isolated as described (21–25). Briefly, bacteria (expressing HS4C3 single chain variable fragment antibodies) were grown and induced by isopropyl beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside to produce antibodies. The bacterial periplasmic fraction, containing the antibody, was isolated, dialyzed against PBS, and stored at –20 °C. Antibody HS4C3 was purified using protein A-agarose or HIS-select cobalt affinity-agarose beads. For purification by protein A-agarose beads, the periplasmic fraction was mixed with protein A beads in PBS and incubated for 3 h at 4 °C under mild shaking. Protein A beads were pelleted (10,000 x g) and washed with PBS. Antibodies bound to protein A beads were eluted with 100 mM glycine, pH 2.5, and neutralized with 1 M Tris-HCl, pH 8.0. For purification with HIS-select cobalt affinity beads, the periplasmic fraction was mixed with cobalt beads in high salt buffer (300 mM NaCl, 50 mM Na2HPO4, and 5 mM imidazole, pH 8.0) and incubated for 3 h at 4°C under mild shaking. Cobalt beads were pelleted (10,000 x g) and washed with the same buffer containing 10 mM imidazole. Bound single chain variable fragment antibodies were eluted with buffer containing 200 mM imidazole. Eluted antibodies were concentrated and the buffer was exchanged to PBS using an Amicon concentrator cell (10,000 filter cutoff). The antibody concentration was determined at 280 nm and bovine serum albumin (1%) and sodium azide (0.02%) were added for stabilization and preservation. The efficiency of purification was assessed by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting. Purified samples were separated on 12% SDS-PAGE gels and were either stained by Coomassie Brilliant Blue or transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane. Single chain variable fragment antibodies were detected with anti-VSV antibodies followed by goat anti-mouse peroxidase and visualized using chemiluminescence reagents and exposure to Kodak X-Omat S1 films.

Biosynthetic Octasaccharide Library—Heparin from bovine lung (pyridinium salt) was 6-O-desulfated and partially 2-O-desulfated by treatment with dimethyl sulfoxide/methanol for 2 h at 93°C and was then N-resulfated as described (26). To obtain 3H-labeled oligosaccharides the product (2.5 mg) was partially cleaved by treatment, on ice, with 290 µl of 1.7 mM NaNO2, adjusted to pH 1.5 with H2SO4 (27). After 30 and 60 min, respectively, half of the reaction mixture was withdrawn and adjusted to pH 8 by addition of 4 M NaOH. The combined aliquots were reduced with NaB3H4 (5 mCi) overnight essentially as described (26) to yield oligosaccharides with a 3H-labeled 2,5-anhydromannitol residue at the reducing end and a specific activity of ~1.4 x 106 cpm/nmol. The labeled oligosaccharides were separated with regard to size on a Bio-Gel P-10 column (1 x 146 cm in 0.5 M NH4HCO3) and fractions corresponding to octasaccharides were recovered for further separation by anion exchange high performance liquid chromatography. The pooled octasaccharides were applied to a ProPac PA1 column in H2O adjusted to pH 3 with HCl, and eluted using a linear gradient of NaCl (10 mM/min) in H2O, pH 3, at a flow rate of 1 ml/min. Peaks corresponding to one, two, or three 2-O-sulfate groups per octamer, respectively, were pooled separately and desalted on PD-10 columns in 0.2 M NH4HCO3.

Octasaccharides with one, two, or three 2-O-sulfate groups were separately applied to further enzymatic O-sulfation, preferentially at the 6-O-position. Each octamer substrate (0.3 nmol) was incubated with a mouse mastocytoma microsomal fraction (1 mg of protein) (28) in a final incubation volume of 100 µl of 50 mM Hepes, pH 7.4, containing 1 mM PAPS, 10 mM MnCl2, 3.5 µM NaF, 0.3% (v/v) Triton X-100. Incubations were done at 37 °C for 1 h. The reactions were terminated by boiling samples for 2 min at 96 °C and the reaction products were then analyzed on a ProPac PA1 column using the same gradient as described above. Peak fractions were pooled and desalted as described above.

Isolation of AT-binding Oligosaccharide Sequences—Bovine lung heparin 8-mers were prepared by partial deamination, reduction of products with NaB3H4, and gel chromatography, as described (29). The end-labeled products (106 cpm; 7.5 x 106 cpm/nmol) were loaded on an AT-Sepharose column (2 ml of gel with 10 mg of AT III/ml of gel) in 2 ml of loading buffer (50 mM Tris/HCl, pH 7.4, 0.15 M NaCl) and followed by a 15-ml wash with the same buffer (30). Fractions with low and high affinity for AT were eluted with 15 ml each of 0.6 and 3 M NaCl, respectively, in 50 mM Tris/HCl, pH 7.4, desalted on PD10 columns in 0.2 M NH4HCO3 and used for affinity chromatography on antibody HS4C3 columns. Oligosaccharide 16 (Table 1)/Arixtra and its 3-O-sulfate-free analog (31) were radiolabeled in a similar manner by partial deamination and reduction with NaB3H4 as described above. The products were separated on a column of Sepharose G-15 (1 x 190 cm) in 0.2 M NH4HCO3 and labeled pentasaccharides were isolated after separation from smaller products.

Isolation of Oligosaccharides by HS4C3 Immunoaffinity Columns—Purified antibodies (1 mg) were incubated with 0.5 mg of Protein A-Sepharose beads in a final volume of 2 ml of 50 mM Tris/HCl, pH 7.4, overnight at 4 °C. The beads were then transferred to a Bio-Rad column and equilibrated with 50 mM Tris/HCl, pH 7.4. For affinity selection 3H-radiolabeled oligosaccharides were loaded in 0.5 ml of equilibration buffer and allowed to incubate on the column for half an hour at 4 °C. The oligosaccharides were eluted using a stepwise gradient of 5 column volumes each of 0.15, 0.25, 0.35, 0.45, and 2 M NaCl in 50 mM Tris/HCl, pH 7.4.

Evaluation of HS4C3 Synthetic Oligosaccharide Specificity by ELISA—To study the reactivity of synthetic HS oligosaccharides with antibody HS4C3, competition ELISAs were performed as described (21, 22). The periplasmic fraction of antibody HS4C3 was preincubated with various concentrations of synthetic oligosaccharides for 10 min and transferred to 96-well microtiter plates previously coated with HS from bovine kidney. The plates were washed and bound antibodies were detected by anti-VSV tag antibody P5D4 followed by alkaline phosphatase-conjugated rabbit anti-mouse IgG. All assays were performed at least 3 times and representative results are shown. Inhibition was defined as an IC50 (oligosaccharide concentration needed to obtain 50% inhibition of antibody binding) less than 5 µg/ml.

To determine whether antibody HS4C3 and AT bound to similar heparin structures, a competition ELISA was performed. Antibody HS4C3 (0.5 µg/ml) was incubated with increasing concentrations of AT (0–5 µg/ml) or conversely, AT (12.5 µg/ml) was incubated with increasing concentrations of antibody HS4C3 (0–20 µg/ml) in 100 µl and transferred to a 96-well plate previously coated with heparin. Plates were washed 6 times with PBS before measuring antibody HS4C3 or AT by adding anti-VSV tag antibody P5D4 or sheep anti-AT antibodies, respectively, followed by alkaline phosphatase-conjugated anti-mouse or anti-sheep IgGs.

Immunoprecipitation of Oligosaccharides with Antibody HS4C3—Immunoprecipitation was performed with Fraxiparine, Arixtra/oligosaccharide 16, native heparin 6-mer (heparin dp6), N-desulfated/N-acetylated heparin 6-mer (Hep-Ac dp6), and synthetic oligosaccharides (Table 1), using antibody HS4C3 (VSV/His tagged). Oligosaccharides (10 µg) or mixtures of oligosaccharides were incubated with 100 µg of purified antibody in PBS for 1 h. Then, 100 µl of HIS-select cobalt beads were added to the oligosaccharide/antibody mixture and incubated for 1 h at room temperature while shaking. Beads were spun down (10,000 x g), washed 3 times with PBS, mixed with PAGE loading buffer (Tris acetate buffer, pH 7.0, 0.5 M NaCl), and heated for 2 min. Samples were analyzed by PAGE using a 33% gel (32), fixed in Alcian blue (0.8% (w/v) in 2% (v/v) acetic acid), and silver stained (33). Control incubations included either the omission of antibody HS4C3 or heparin oligosaccharides, and the use of an irrelevant single chain antibody. These control incubations revealed no binding of heparin oligosaccharides with the HIS-select cobalt beads or with the irrelevant single chain antibody.

Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time Clotting Assay—To evaluate if antibody HS4C3 could inhibit the effect of heparin on the clotting time, an APTT clotting assay was performed. Purified antibody HS4C3 at the indicated concentrations was incubated with 50 µl of 10 µg/ml heparin for 60 min. Following addition of 100 µl of human reference plasma, samples were incubated for 1 min at 37 °C, and were then mixed with 100 µl of APTT reagent and incubated for another 3 min at 37 °C. Finally, 100 µl of 20 mM CaCl2 was added, and the clotting time was recorded according to the manufacturer's instructions.

Anti-factor Xa Assay—To evaluate if antibody HS4C3 could act as an antidote for heparin and Arixtra, the Coatest heparin assay was performed. Heparin (25 ng) or Arixtra (9 ng) were incubated with purified antibody HS4C3 (0–0.4 nmol/assay) or protamine (0–2.0 nmol/assay) in the presence of human plasma and human antithrombin at 37 °C for 30 s. Factor Xa (in excess) was added and incubated at 37 °C for 30 s. Next, the chromogenic substrate was added and incubated at 37 °C for 3 min and the remaining factor Xa activity was measured at 405 nm according to the manufacturer's instructions.

Immunohistochemistry—Immunohistochemical analysis was performed as described previously (25, 34). Briefly, tissue sections were incubated with antibody HS4C3 and bound antibodies were visualized using anti-VSV antibody P5D4 followed by Alexa-labeled (488) anti-mouse antibodies. Finally, tissue sections were fixed in ethanol, air-dried, and embedded in Mowiol. As a control, primary antibodies were omitted or substituted by an irrelevant single chain antibody.


Figure 1
View larger version (19K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIGURE 1.
Immunoprecipitation of heparin oligosaccharides using anti-HS antibody HS4C3. Heparin oligosaccharides were incubated with His-tagged antibody HS4C3 in PBS, followed by incubation with HIS-select cobalt beads. The beads, with bound antibodies and oligosaccharides, were subjected to PAGE followed by Alcian blue fixation and silver staining. PAGE analysis of the immunoprecipitated products of heparin dp6 (Hep dp6) (A), and N-desulfated/N-acetylated heparin dp6 (Hep-Ac dp6) (B) oligosaccharides. Lane 1, starting material (0.5 µg); lane 2, HS4C3-precipitated oligosaccharides, Hep dp6 and Hep-Ac dp6, respectively.

 
To evaluate the HS specificity of the antibody and to locate all HS within a tissue, tissue sections were pretreated with heparinase III (0.02 IU/ml in 50 mM NaAc, 50 mM Ca(Ac)2, pH 7.0, 2 h incubation at 37 °C) and stained with antibody 3G10 (35), which recognizes HS stubs generated after HS digestion. As a control, tissue sections were incubated with reaction buffer without enzyme.

Rat kidney sections were incubated with AT (10 µg/ml) and bound AT was detected by sheep anti-AT antibodies and visualized by Alexa-labeled (488) anti-sheep antibodies. Alternatively, tissue sections were incubated with antibody HS4C3, in the presence of 0.4–1.0 M NaCl to increase selectivity for binding sites with higher affinity. Finally, tissue sections were incubated with mixtures of antibody and oligosaccharides to evaluate inhibition of antibody staining by the oligosaccharides. Antibody and oligosaccharides (10 µg/ml) were preincubated for 2 min before being added to the tissue section. Bound antibodies were visualized by anti-VSV antibody P5D4 followed by Alexa-labeled (488) anti-mouse antibodies.


   RESULTS
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Importance of N-Sulfation for Binding to Antibody HS4C3—We previously demonstrated that antibody HS4C3 strongly reacts with the glomerular basement membrane (GBM), peritubular capillaries, and large blood vessels in the kidney and that it binds heparin and the sulfated structures in HS (21). To identify the epitope recognized by antibody HS4C3 and characterize its structure in detail different approaches were taken. A population of heparin hexasaccharides (Hep dp6) prepared by lyase digestion, with different degrees of sulfation, was applied to precipitation with antibody HS4C3. The 6-mer was precipitated, yet with different degrees of efficiency for different subspecies (Fig. 1A). A completely N-desulfated/N-acetylated heparin 6-mer preparation (Hep Ac dp6) on the other hand was not precipitated at all (Fig. 1B), indicating that antibody HS4C3 recognized N-sulfated motifs in heparin.

Importance of O-Sulfates for Binding to Antibody HS4C3—To evaluate the importance of O-sulfation we prepared a library of radiolabeled, N-sulfated octasaccharides with a variable degree of O-sulfation, by partial deamination of partially O-desulfated heparin. 3H-End group-labeled octasaccharide populations with one, two, or three remaining 2-O-sulfate groups were recovered for enzymatic O-sulfation by mastocytoma microsomal enzymes. The incubation conditions employed favor incorporation of 6-O-sulfate groups (36), and thus yielded products with known degrees of 2-O-sulfation and variable 6-O-sulfation (Fig. 2, A–C). Each of these pools contained several different species with the same number, but differently distributed O-sulfates along the oligosaccharide, manifested in composite elution patterns for each subpopulation on anion exchange high performance liquid chromatography. These charge defined, sequence heterogeneous octasaccharides were analyzed for binding to antibody HS4C3 by affinity chromatography. Oligosaccharides were eluted by stepwise raising the salt concentration of the elution buffer. The results showed that highly sulfated octasaccharides bound more tightly to antibody HS4C3 than octasaccharides with fewer sulfates. Whereas octasaccharides with one 2-O-sulfate and one 6-O-sulfate were eluted from the HS4C3 affinity column with 150 mM NaCl (Fig. 2A'), octasaccharides with three 2-O-sulfates and three 6-O-sulfates were eluted with 350 mM NaCl from the column (Fig. 2C'''). No further increase in affinity was achieved with a fully sulfated, native heparin 8-mer containing 8-O-sulfate groups (data not shown). Four O-sulfate groups, independent of their position on the sugar units or along the chain resulted in similar binding behavior (e.g. Fig. 2, A''', B'', and C'). Furthermore, the partially separated peaks in e.g. Fig. 2B''' contained the same 8-mer subspecies, as indicated by anion exchange high performance liquid chromatography (data not shown), independently whether they eluted in the early or later part of the double peak, indicating only a subtle if any influence on affinity of the positioning of the O-sulfate groups in these structures.


Figure 2
View larger version (30K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIGURE 2.
Affinity chromatography of the biosynthetic octasaccharide library on immobilized antibody HS4C3. The defined octasaccharide library was produced as described under "Experimental Procedures." Oligosaccharides with one, two, or three 2-O-sulfate groups were individually 6-O-sulfated and separated by anion exchange chromatography (A–C, respectively). Each pool (I, II, and III) of octasaccharides, with the same number of 2-O-sulfate groups and one, two, or three 6-O-sulfate groups was individually analyzed by affinity chromatography on HS4C3 antibody columns. Panels A'–A>''' show affinity separation of oligosaccharides with one 2-O-sulfate group and one (single prime), two (double prime), and three (triple prime) added 6-O-sulfate groups, respectively. Panels B'–B>''' and C'–C>''' display corresponding patterns for octasaccharides containing two and three 2-O-sulfate groups, respectively.

 


Figure 3
View larger version (28K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIGURE 3.
Affinity differences for epitopes recognized by antibody HS4C3. Cryosections of rat kidney were stained with antibody H4C3 in the presence of PBS at the NaCl concentrations indicated below the photographs.

 
Identification of High Affinity Binding Sites—To assess the affinity of antibody binding sites in tissue, we stained rat kidney sections with antibody HS4C3 in buffer with increasing NaCl concentrations ranging from 150 to 1000 mM (Fig. 3). Staining of peritubular capillaries started to decrease at 400 mM NaCl, however, strong staining of the GBM was still observed with 500 mM NaCl. Staining of the peritubular capillaries was lost at this NaCl concentration, whereas staining of the GBM was resistant to almost 1000 mM NaCl. These results confirmed that different HS structures were recognized with different affinities. They also suggested that the high affinity HS structures recognized differ from the library octasaccharides with three 2-O- and three 6-O-sulfates, which demonstrated the highest affinity for the immobilized antibody, and thus pointed to the occurrence of more complex structures. HS from bovine GBM was previously found to contain 3-O-sulfated GlcN units (37) and we therefore decided to investigate whether 3-O-sulfated structures such as the AT binding motif could be present in the GBM of the kidney and be recognized by the HS4C3 antibody. AT-binding octasaccharides were therefore isolated from a heparin octasaccharide pool by affinity chromatography on AT-Sepharose. The resultant oligosaccharides contained largely the same number of sulfate groups as the non-AT-binding species (8-O-sulfates and 3-N-sulfates) (Fig. 4A), yet emerged at different salt concentrations from the HS4C3 affinity column (Fig. 4B). The oligosaccharide with low affinity for AT was eluted at 0.35 M NaCl from the HS4C3 affinity column, notably the same ionic strength required to release the highly 2-O- and 6-O-sulfated octasaccharides in Fig. 2C>'''. By contrast, the AT-binding 8-mer was eluted from the antibody column with ≥0.45 M NaCl. The importance of the 3-O-sulfate group for HS4C3 binding was further confirmed by affinity chromatography of the AT-binding pentasaccharide Arixtra (identical with the synthetic "oligosaccharide 16," GlcNS6S-GlcA-GlcNS36diS-IdoA2S-GlcNS6SMe; Table 1), and its 3-O-sulfate-deficient analog (Fig. 4C). The 3-O-sulfate containing pentasaccharide eluted with an ionic strength of 0.35 M NaCl from the affinity column, whereas its derivative without 3-O-sulfate did not bind to the column. The relatively modest overall affinities of the pentasaccharides may be because of the loss of the reducing terminal N-sulfate group in the deamination step of the radiolabeling procedure (see "Experimental Procedures").


Figure 4
View larger version (23K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIGURE 4.
Importance of 3-O-sulfation for interaction with antibody HS4C3. Purified 8-mer heparin oligosaccharides with high (gray curve) or low affinity (black curve) for AT were analyzed by ProPac anion exchange chromatography (A). Equal amounts of the two pools (10,000 cpm) were applied to a column of immobilized antibody HS4C3 and eluted by increasing the salt concentration (B). Radiolabeled derivatives of the synthetic AT-binding pentasaccharide Arixtra (gray) and its 3-O-desulfated counterpart (black) in which the [3H]anhydromannose residue was substituted for the original GlcNS-Me residue were also applied to HS4C3 affinity chromatography under the same conditions (C).

 
To confirm the affinity differences observed in HS4C3-chromatography, we performed immunoprecipitation experiments of antibody HS4C3 with Fraxiparine and Arixtra. Fraxiparine is a mixture of oligosaccharides (average ~5000 Da), only a fraction of which contain 3-O-sulfated GlcN residues. The immunoprecipitation patterns of Fraxiparine obtained at physiological conditions (150 mM NaCl) or in 400 mM NaCl (Fig. 5A) were similar, whereas less material was immunoprecipitated in 1000 mM NaCl. Arixtra/oligosaccharide 16 on the other hand was precipitated quantitatively at all three salt concentrations. These findings support the notion that 3-O-sulfation is important in determining the affinity of the oligosaccharides for HS4C3.

Next, we tested synthetic oligosaccharides, all analogs of the AT-binding pentasaccharide (Table 1) for reactivity with antibody HS4C3, by competition ELISA (Table 1) and by immunoprecipitation (Fig. 5, B and C, and Table 1). Both assays showed comparable results and demonstrated that oligosaccharides 16 and 17 were the best binders. Structural comparison suggests that the 3-O-sulfate of the internal GlcN is an important (cf. oligosaccharides 6 versus 7) although not the only feature required for binding (e.g. 9 versus 16 or 21 versus 7 in Table 1) to antibody HS4C3. Also the 2-O-sulfate on the IdoA to the reducing side of the central GlcN seems to be necessary albeit insufficient on its own (cf. 9 versus 16). The GlcN at the non-reducing end needs to be modified with two sulfate groups but can be replaced by a di-O-sulfated glucose residue. When Fraxiparine was mixed with oligosaccharides 17, 10, or 16/Arixtra, respectively, the preference of antibody HS4C3 for the AT binding motif is also evident (Fig. 5C). Antibody HS4C3 showed clear preference for the oversulfated oligosaccharide 17 over Fraxiparine, whereas 16/Arixtra was slightly preferred. Oligosaccharide 10 was not at all precipitated in the presence of Fraxiparine. Inhibition of antibody HS4C3 staining in the rat kidney tissue section gave similar results (Fig. 6). Antibody staining was inhibited with oligosaccharides 17 and 16/Arixtra, whereas hardly any inhibition was seen with oligosaccharides 6 and 10.


Figure 5
View larger version (30K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIGURE 5.
Immunoprecipitation of different epitope structures with antibody HS4C3. A, fraxiparine (lanes 1–3) and Arixtra/oligosaccharide 16 (lanes 4–6) were immunoprecipitated with antibody HS4C3 in the presence of 150 (lanes 1 and 4), 400 (lanes 2 and 5), and 1000 mM NaCl (3 and 6), respectively, and analyzed by PAGE as described in the legend to Fig. 1. B, synthetic HS oligosaccharides, listed in Table 1, were immunoprecipitated as a total mixture with antibody HS4C3 (lane 1). The starting oligosaccharide mixture, which is enlarged for clarification (separate gel), is indicated in lane 2. Identification of the precipitated oligosaccharides was based on their individual precipitation and migration properties. The identity of the precipitated oligosaccharides is indicated in Table 1. C, synthetic oligosaccharides 17, 10, 16/Arixtra, and Fraxiparine were immunoprecipitated either alone or in combination with Fraxiparine as indicated in the scheme above the figure. As control, Fraxiparine (0.5 µg; indicated by the asterisk) was loaded on the gel without precipitation.

 


Figure 6
View larger version (17K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIGURE 6.
Inhibition of antibody staining on rat kidney tissue sections with HS oligosaccharides. Rat kidney tissue sections were immunostained with antibody HS4C3 in the presence of none (–) or 10 µg/ml oligosaccharide 16/Arixtra, 6, 10, or 17, respectively, as indicated in the figure.

 
Distribution of HS4C3 Epitopes in Rat Tissues—To analyze the distribution pattern of HS4C3 epitopes, in particular 3-O-sulfated HS structures, rat kidney, liver, pancreas, and intestine were stained with antibody HS4C3. Strong staining was observed of the basal lamina of blood vessel endothelium, capillaries, sinusoids, and epithelium (Fig. 7). This staining pattern was distinct from antibody 3G10 staining, which indicates all HS present. Antibody HS4C3 stained the Bowman capsule in the kidney very weakly, whereas antibody 3G10 revealed a large amount of HS. In the liver, antibody HS4C3 showed strong staining of the sinusoids, whereas hardly any antibody 3G10 staining was observed, possibly because of the presence of rather few, but long HS chains that may contain several HS4C3 epitopes yet result in only weak signal by the anti-HS stub antibody 3G10. The basal lamina of the acini in the pancreas, on the other hand, stained strongly with antibody 3G10 but not with antibody HS4C3. In the intestine, no major differences in staining patterns were observed. Antibody HS4C3 staining was also performed in the presence of 0.5 M NaCl to reveal the high affinity binding sites within HS. Such sites were observed in large blood vessels in the liver and pancreas, in the GBM, and to a minor extent in peritubular capillaries of the kidney. In intestine these sites were found in capillaries and in the basal lamina of the crypts (Fig. 7).

To confirm the presence of AT-binding motifs in tissue we incubated rat kidney tissue sections with AT at physiological ion strength. Essentially the same structures were visualized by this procedure as with antibody HS4C3 (Fig. 8). Both proteins bind in similar fashion to larger blood vessels and capillaries, and both stain the glomerulus, however, antibody HS4C3 stained areas that were not stained by AT.

Functional Significance of Interaction between Antibody HS4C3 and AT Binding—A potential functional implication of antibody HS4C3 binding to the AT-binding pentasaccharide was explored in competition studies. Antibody HS4C3 was able to compete with AT for binding to heparin in an ELISA (Fig. 9A) and, conversely, AT inhibited binding of HS4C3 to heparin (Fig. 9B), suggesting that they competed for the same binding site on heparin. Heparin inhibits blood coagulation by binding to and activating AT (38). The capacity of antibody HS4C3 to block the anti-coagulant activity of heparin was assessed using an APTT (Fig. 9C) and anti-factor Xa (Fig. 9, D and E) assay. Antibody HS4C3 was able to block the anti-coagulant activity of heparin presumably by binding to the pentasaccharide sequence and thereby interfering with the AT-heparin interaction. Moreover, antibody HS4C3 was able to block the coagulant activity of Arixtra, making antibody HS4C3 more selective than the nonspecific heparin antidote protamine (Fig. 9E).


Figure 7
View larger version (101K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIGURE 7.
Immunolocalization of the HS structure recognized by antibody HS4C3 in rat tissues. Cryosections of rat tissues (kidney, liver, pancreas, and intestine) were digested with heparinase III and stained with the anti-stub antibody 3G10 to visualize all HS present (left panel). Tissue sections without pre-digestion were incubated with antibody HS4C3 in PBS (0.15 M NaCl; middle panel) or in the presence of PBS at a salt concentration of 0.5 M NaCl (right panel) to stain all and high affinity binding sites, respectively. Differences in staining pattern between antibody 3G10 and HS4C3 are indicated by an arrow. The high affinity binding sites are indicated by arrowheads (see "Results" for details).

 


Figure 8
View larger version (52K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIGURE 8.
Staining of rat kidney sections with AT. Rat kidney cryosections were incubated with AT (10 µg/ml) in PBS and visualized with sheep anti-AT followed by donkey anti-sheep Alexa 488 antibodies.

 

   DISCUSSION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
 
The goal of our study was to characterize the oligosaccharide epitope recognized by antibody HS4C3. Antibody HS4C3 is one of a number of single chain variable fragment phage display antibodies selected against bovine kidney HS. These antibodies have a large potential for application because of differential reactivity with selective epitopes (24, 25, 39). HS4C3 belongs to the VH3 family and dp38 gene segment with the CDR3 amino acid sequence GRRLKD (21). The antibody reacts strongly with HS from bovine kidney, bovine intestine, and heparin (porcine mucosa) but barely with HS from bovine and human aorta, and moderately with HS from other sources (21). It does not react with completely desulfated/N-acetylated heparin, O-desulfated/N-sulfated heparin, and N-desulfated/N-acetylated heparin (21). These observations indicated that antibody HS4C3 binds to sulfated structures in HS or heparin oligosaccharides. The reduced binding of HS4C3 to HS from aorta, which is of a low degree of sulfation as compared with HS from lung, intestine, or liver (40) supports the view that HS4C3 recognizes some highly sulfated sequence. Interaction with intact (Fig. 1A) but not with N-desulfated (Fig. 1B) heparin oligosaccharides consolidated this point.

The structural properties of HS with stretches of low and high degrees of sulfation provide a vast number of protein binding sites with potential for redundancy. Not all of the sulfate groups in such structures may be necessary for interaction with a given protein ligand although they are present (4). On the other hand, proteins may bind to different sequences because of polycationic patches that can bind to several different HS sequences. Such redundancy was indicated using biosynthetically produced oligosaccharide libraries in HS4C3 binding, which showed an incremental increase in affinity for each additional sulfate group in the oligosaccharide, independent of its location. This is exemplified by the oligosaccharides containing an equal number of O-sulfates, although in different positions (2-O- and 6-O-) and of different sequences (cf. Fig. 2, A>''', B'', and C'). All of these sequences were eluted at similar ionic strengths from the HS4C3 affinity column. Yet endogenous HS displays antibody binding sites with apparent affinities higher (Figs. 3 and 7) than those found in the most highly sulfated biosynthetically modified heparin oligosaccharides. There are several possible reasons for this difference. The antibodies could react in multimeric fashion with several epitopes along a single chain or on different, but tightly co-localized, chains in a tissue section. Such a phenomenon would prevail if the antibody, its monomeric binding site accommodating oligosaccharide of 5–6 sugar units, is prone to form oligomers. Alternatively, enhanced affinity could be because of recognition of a stronger binding, different epitope present in only some HS chains and essentially lacking in the oligosaccharide fragments tested. Our findings favor the latter possibility, because HS4C3 was found to bind with high affinity to oligosaccharides containing the AT binding sequence, with its distinctive GlcN 3-O-sulfate group. The pentasaccharide sequence GlcNAc/S{alpha}1–4GlcAbeta1–4GlcNAc/NS3, 6S{alpha}1–4IdoA2S{alpha}1–4GlcNS, 6S is the minimal motif to mediate strong interaction with the coagulation inhibitor AT (14). Antibody HS4C3 indeed binds to oligosaccharides containing this motif, and removal of the unique 3-O-sulfate group leads to marked loss of affinity (Figs. 4C and 5B, and Table 1). In further proof of this interaction, HS4C3 was capable of neutralizing the blood anticoagulant activity of heparin in an AT-pentasaccharide specific manner as compared with the nonspecific action of protamine, a fish sperm DNA-binding protein that is clinically used as a heparin antidote (Fig. 9, C–E). Antibody HS4C3 bound strongly to various tissue epitopes, suggesting widely distributed HS chains with AT binding or highly similar sequences. Immunohistochemical studies of the rat kidney, using HS4C3 and AT as probes revealed similar binding sites in capillaries and larger blood vessels (Figs. 7 and 8). Notably, the staining pattern of antibody HS4C3 and AT in the glomerulus was not identical, as antibody HS4C3 stained areas that were not reactive with AT. This observation suggested that antibody HS4C3 recognize not only AT-binding sequences but also other 3-O-sulfated oligosaccharide motifs. The GBM of the kidney contains abundant 3-O-sulfated sequences with an IdoA or a 2-O-sulfated IdoA residue at the nonreducing side of the 3-O-sulfated GlcN. These structures are not recognized by AT (46), but presumably by HS4C3. Occurrence of additional 3-O-sulfated structures in native HS has yet to be demonstrated, but appears highly plausible in view of the substrate specificities defined for various members of the 3-O-sulfotransferase family. 3-O-Sulfation is the last and the rarest step in HS biosynthetic modification. To date, six members of the 3-O-sulfotransferase family are known (16, 41, 42). These isoforms have been reported to act on specific target sequences. Whereas 3-OST isoform 1 transfers a sulfate group to the 3-OH position of an N-sulfated GlcN residue with an unsubstituted glucuronic acid on the non-reducing side (GlcA-GlcNS±6S), 3-OST isoform 3A transfers a sulfate group to the 3-OH position of an N-unsubstituted GlcN residue, which has a 2-O-sulfated iduronic acid in the same position (IdoA2S-GlcNH2-±6S) (43). 3-OST-5 demonstrates a broader substrate specificity as it sulfates both N-sulfated and N-unsubstituted GlcNs (44). Specific 3-O-sulfotransferases can therefore create target sequences that can act as receptors for AT (created by 3-OST-1 (45, 46), and 3-OST-5 (47)), or HSV-1 envelope glycoprotein gD (created by 3-OST-3 and -5 (15)). Which of the various potential 3-OST products that are recognized by antibody HS4C3 remain to be investigated.


Figure 9
View larger version (14K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIGURE 9.
Competition of AT binding and function by antibody HS4C3. Competition ELISA was performed by either competing for AT (12.5 µg/ml) binding to immobilized heparin with antibody HS4C3 at different concentrations (A); or by competing for antibody HS4C3 (0.5 µg/ml) binding to heparin with different concentrations of AT (B). Detection of heparin-bound AT and HS4C3, respectively, was performed as described under "Experimental Procedures." Antibody HS4C3 was tested in an APTT clotting assay as described under "Experimental Procedures" (C). The coagulation time was measured in the presence or absence of heparin (10 µg/ml) and antibody HS4C3 (0–10 µg) as indicated. Antibody HS4C3 and protamine sulfate were tested in an anti-factor Xa assay as described under "Experimental Procedures" (D and E). The effect of antibody HS4C3 (0–0.4 nmol/assay) and protamine sulfate (0–2.0 nmol/assay) on heparin (2 pmol/assay; D) and Arixtra (6 pmol/assay; E) was determined by measuring the remaining factor Xa activity (A405) as described. Triangles represent the antidote HS4C3 and squares represent the antidote protamine.

 
The potential of anti-HS antibodies in identifying specific HS modifications is again illustrated by HS4C3, which specifically recognizes 3-O-sulfated motifs. The growing panel of characterized anti-HS antibodies (34, 48, 49), and now antibody HS4C3, extends the analysis of the spatial distribution of specific HS epitopes in situ. Still, the precise structures of such epitopes are not readily defined through the use of antibodies. The selection of oligosaccharides used to define the specificity of an antibody (or any HS-binding protein) is crucial to such information. The microsomal HS/heparin oligosaccharide library used in this study served to establish the role of overall sulfate density in HS4C3 binding, but lacked the specific 3-O-sulfated high affinity species. Similar oligosaccharide libraries have been useful for identification of the HS motifs binding diverse growth factors (e.g. fibroblast growth factors (50, 51)). Size-fractioned heparin fragments, or oligosaccharides excised from different domains of authentic HS have been applied to identify binding sequences of endostatin, fibroblast growth factor 1, 2, and fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (51–54). Synthetic oligosaccharide libraries that cover an extended sequence space are potent tools in identifying protein-binding motifs; however, the structural diversity and the total number of different oligosaccharides are decisive factors for success.


   FOOTNOTES
 
* This work was supported by Mizutani Foundation Research Grant 2001, registration number 10065 (to G. B. t. D.), Dutch Cancer Society Grant 2002–2762 (to G. B. t. D. and E. M. A. v. d. W.), Polysackaridforskning AB (Uppsala, Sweden), Swedish Research Council Grant 32X-15023, the Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research (A303: 156e), and Swedish Cancer Society Grant 4708-B02-01XAA. The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact. Back

1 Both authors contributed equally to this work. Back

2 To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dept. of Biochemistry 280, P. O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Tel.: 31-243616759; Fax: 31-243540339; E-mail: a.vankuppevelt{at}ncmls.ru.nl.

3 The abbreviations used are: HS, heparan sulfate; AT, antithrombin III; GBM, glomerular basement membrane; GlcN, glucosamine; GlcA, glucuronic acid; IdoA, iduronic acid; PBS, phosphate-buffered saline; APTT, activated partial thromboplastin time; OST, O-sulfotransferase; PAPS, adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-phosphosulfate; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Back


   ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
 
We thank Prof. Dr. John Gallagher (Cancer Research UK, Department of Medical Oncology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom) for providing the native and the N-desulfated/N-acetylated heparin 6-mers; Dr. Maurice Petitou (Sanofi-Synthelabo Research, Toulouse, France) for the synthetic heparin oligosaccharides; and Dr. Martha Escobar Galvis (Inst. Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala) for radiolabeling the oligosaccharide 16/Arixtra.



   REFERENCES
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 

  1. Esko, J. D., and Lindahl, U. (2001) J. Clin. Investig. 108, 169–173[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  2. Casu, B., and Lindahl, U. (2001) Adv. Carbohydr. Chem. Biochem. 57, 159–206[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  3. Bernfield, M., Gotte, M., Park, P. W., Reizes, O., Fitzgerald, M. L., Lincecum, J., and Zako, M. (1999) Annu. Rev. Biochem. 68, 729–777[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  4. Spillmann, D., and Lindahl, U. (1994) Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 4, 677–682[CrossRef]
  5. Esko, J. D., and Selleck, S. B. (2002) Annu. Rev. Biochem. 71, 435–471[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  6. Kusche-Gullberg, M., and Kjellen, L. (2003) Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 13, 605–611[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  7. Ai, X., Do, A. T., Lozynska, O., Kusche-Gullberg, M., Lindahl, U., and Emerson, C. P., Jr. (2003) J. Cell Biol. 162, 341–351[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  8. Forsberg, E., Pejler, G., Ringvall, M., Lunderius, C., Johansson, B., Kusche, G. M., Eriksson, I., Ledin, J., Hellman, L., and Kjellen, L. (1999) Nature 400, 773–776[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  9. Habuchi, H., Tanaka, M., Habuchi, O., Yoshida, K., Suzuki, H., Ban, K., and Kimata, K. (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275, 2859–2868[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  10. HajMohammadi, S., Enjyoji, K., Princivalle, M., Christi, P., Lech, M., Beeler, D., Rayburn, H., Schwartz, J. J., Barzegar, S., de Agostini, A. I., Post, M. J., Rosenberg, R. D., and Shworak, N. W. (2003) J. Clin. Investig. 111, 989–999[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  11. Merry, C. L., and Wilson, V. A. (2002) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1573, 319–327[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  12. Ringvall, M., Ledin, J., Holmborn, K., van Kuppevelt, T., Ellin, F., Eriksson, I., Olofsson, A. M., Kjellen, L., and Forsberg, E. (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275, 25926–25930[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  13. Li, J. P., Gong, F., Hagner-McWhirter, A., Forsberg, E., Abrink, M., Kisilevsky, R., Zhang, X., and Lindahl, U. (2003) J. Biol. Chem. 278, 28363–28366[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  14. Petitou, M., Casu, B., and Lindahl, U. (2003) Biochimie 85, 83–89[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  15. Tiwari, V., Clement, C., Duncan, M. B., Chen, J., Liu, J., and Shukla, D. (2004) J. Gen. Virol. 85, 805–809[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  16. Xia, G., Chen, J., Tiwari, V., Ju, W., Li, J. P., Malmstrom, A., Shukla, D., and Liu, J. (2002) J. Biol. Chem. 277, 37912–37919[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  17. Edge, A. S., and Spiro, R. G. (2000) Diabetologia 43, 1056–1059[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  18. Miyamoto, K., Asada, K., Fukutomi, T., Okochi, E., Yagi, Y., Hasegawa, T., Asahara, T., Sugimura, T., and Ushijima, T. (2003) Oncogene 22, 274–280[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  19. Goger, B., Halden, Y., Rek, A., Mosl, R., Pye, D., Gallagher, J., and Kungl, A. J. (2002) Biochemistry 41, 1640–1646[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  20. Ostrovsky, O., Berman, B., Gallagher, J., Mulloy, B., Fernig, D. G., Delehedde, M., and Ron, D. (2002) J. Biol. Chem. 277, 2444–2453[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  21. van Kuppevelt, T. H., Dennissen, M. A., van Venrooij, W. J., Hoet, R. M., and Veerkamp, J. H. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273, 12960–12966[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  22. van de Westerlo, E. M., Smetsers, T. F., Dennissen, M. A., Linhardt, R. J., Veerkamp, J. H., van Muijen, G. N., and van Kuppevelt, T. H. (2002) Blood 99, 2427–2433[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  23. Dennissen, M. A., Jenniskens, G. J., Pieffers, M., Versteeg, E. M., Petitou, M., Veerkamp, J. H., and van Kuppevelt, T. H. (2002) J. Biol. Chem. 277, 10982–10986[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  24. Jenniskens, G. J., Oosterhof, A., Brandwijk, R., Veerkamp, J. H., and van Kuppevelt, T. H. (2000) J. Neurosci. 20, 4099–4111[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  25. ten Dam, G. B., Hafmans, T., Veerkamp, J. H., and van Kuppevelt, T. H. (2003) J. Histochem. Cytochem. 51, 727–739[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  26. Spillmann, D., Witt, D., and Lindahl, U. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273, 15487–15493[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  27. Shively, J. E., and Conrad, H. E. (1976) Biochemistry 15, 3932–3942[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  28. Kusche, M., Hannesson, H. H., and Lindahl, U. (1991) Biochem. J. 275, 151–158[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  29. Feyzi, E., Trybala, E., Bergstrom, T., Lindahl, U., and Spillmann, D. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272, 24850–24857[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  30. Lindahl, U., Backstrom, G., Hook, M., Thunberg, L., Fransson, L. A., and Linker, A. (1979) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 76, 3198–3202[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  31. van Boeckel, C. A., and Petitou, M. (1993) Angew. Chem. Intern. Ed. Engl. 32, 1671–1690[CrossRef]
  32. Turnbull, J. E., Hopwood, J. J., and Gallagher, J. T. (1999) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 96, 2698–2703[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  33. van de Lest, C. H., Versteeg, E. M., Veerkamp, J. H., and van Kuppevelt, T. H. (1994) Anal. Biochem. 221, 356–361[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  34. ten Dam, G. B., van de Westerlo, E. M., Smetsers, T. F., Willemse, M., van Muijen, G. N., Merry, C. L., Gallagher, J. T., Kim, Y. S., and van Kuppevelt, T. H. (2004) J. Biol. Chem. 279, 38346–38352[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  35. David, G., Bai, X. M., Van der Schueren, B., Cassiman, J. J., and Van den Berghe, H. (1992) J. Cell Biol. 119, 961–975[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  36. Jemth, P., Smeds, E., Do, A. T., Habuchi, H., Kimata, K., Lindahl, U., and Kusche-Gullberg, M. (2003) J. Biol. Chem. 278, 24371–24376[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  37. Edge, A. S., and Spiro, R. G. (1990) J. Biol. Chem. 265, 15874–15881[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  38. Bourin, M. C., and Lindahl, U. (1993) Biochem. J. 289, 313–330[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  39. Smits, N. C., Robbesom, A. A., Versteeg, E. M., van de Westerlo, E. M., Dekhuijzen, P. N., and van Kuppevelt, T. H. (2004) Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 30, 166–173[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  40. Maccarana, M., Sakura, Y., Tawada, A., Yoshida, K., and Lindahl, U. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 17804–17810[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  41. Shworak, N. W., Liu, J., Fritze, L. M., Schwartz, J. J., Zhang, L., Logeart, D., and Rosenberg, R. D. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272, 28008–28019[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  42. Shworak, N. W., Liu, J., Petros, L. M., Zhang, L., Kobayashi, M., Copeland, N. G., Jenkins, N. A., and Rosenberg, R. D. (1999) J. Biol. Chem. 274, 5170–5184[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  43. Liu, J., Shriver, Z., Blaiklock, P., Yoshida, K., Sasisekharan, R., and Rosenberg, R. D. (1999) J. Biol. Chem. 274, 38155–38162[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  44. Chen, J., Duncan, M. B., Carrick, K., Pope, R. M., and Liu, J. (2003) Glycobiology 13, 785–794[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  45. Liu, J., Shworak, N. W., Fritze, L. M., Edelberg, J. M., and Rosenberg, R. D. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 27072–27082[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  46. Zhang, L., Beeler, D. L., Lawrence, R., Lech, M., Liu, J., Davis, J. C., Shriver, Z., Sasisekharan, R., and Rosenberg, R. D. (2001) J. Biol. Chem. 276, 42311–42321[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  47. Duncan, M. B., Chen, J., Krise, J. P., and Liu, J. (2004) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1671, 34–43[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  48. van den Born, J., Gunnarsson, K., Bakker, M. A., Kjellen, L., Gullberg, M., Maccarana, M., Berden, J. H., and Lindahl, U. (1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270, 31303–31309[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  49. van den Born, J., Salmivirta, K., Henttinen, T., Ostman, N., Ishimaru, T., Miyaura, S., Yoshida, K., and Salmivirta, M. (2005) J. Biol. Chem. 280, 20516–20523[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  50. Ashikari-Hada, S., Habuchi, H., Kariya, Y., Itoh, N., Reddi, A. H., and Kimata, K. (2004) J. Biol. Chem. 279, 12346–12354[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  51. Jemth, P., Kreuger, J., Kusche-Gullberg, M., Sturiale, L., Gimenez-Gallego, G., and Lindahl, U. (2002) J. Biol. Chem. 277, 30567–30573[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  52. Kreuger, J., Salmivirta, M., Sturiale, L., Gimenez-Gallego, G., and Lindahl, U. (2001) J. Biol. Chem. 276, 30744–30752[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  53. Kreuger, J., Matsumoto, T., van Wildemeersch, M., Sasaki, T., Timpl, R., Claesson-Welsh, L., Spillmann, D., and Lindahl, U. (2002) EMBO J. 21, 6303–6311[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  54. Loo, B. M., Kreuger, J., Jalkanen, M., Lindahl, U., and Salmivirta, M. (2001) J. Biol. Chem. 276, 16868–16876[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Add to CiteULike CiteULike   Add to Complore Complore   Add to Connotea Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us Del.icio.us   Add to Digg Digg   Add to Reddit Reddit   Add to Technorati Technorati    What's this?


This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
B. K. Masouleh, G. B. Ten Dam, M. K. Wild, R. Seelige, J. van der Vlag, A. L. Rops, F. G. Echtermeyer, D. Vestweber, T. H. van Kuppevelt, L. Kiesel, et al.
Role of the Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycan Syndecan-1 (CD138) in Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity
J. Immunol., April 15, 2009; 182(8): 4985 - 4993.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Stem CellsHome page
R. J. Baldwin, G. B. ten Dam, T. H. van Kuppevelt, G. Lacaud, J. T. Gallagher, V. Kouskoff, and C. L.R. Merry
A Developmentally Regulated Heparan Sulfate Epitope Defines a Subpopulation with Increased Blood Potential During Mesodermal Differentiation
Stem Cells, December 1, 2008; 26(12): 3108 - 3118.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 IOVSHome page
J. Akhtar, V. Tiwari, M.-J. Oh, M. Kovacs, A. Jani, S. K. Kovacs, T. Valyi-Nagy, and D. Shukla
HVEM and Nectin-1 Are the Major Mediators of Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (HSV-1) Entry into Human Conjunctival Epithelium
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., September 1, 2008; 49(9): 4026 - 4035.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Hum Mol GenetHome page
M. Gotte, D. Spillmann, G. W. Yip, E. Versteeg, F. G. Echtermeyer, T. H. van Kuppevelt, and L. Kiesel
Changes in heparan sulfate are associated with delayed wound repair, altered cell migration, adhesion and contractility in the galactosyltransferase I (ss4GalT-7) deficient form of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
Hum. Mol. Genet., April 1, 2008; 17(7): 996 - 1009.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
E. den Dekker, S. Grefte, T. Huijs, G. B. ten Dam, E. M. M. Versteeg, L. C. J. van den Berk, B. A. Bladergroen, T. H. van Kuppevelt, C. G. Figdor, and R. Torensma
Monocyte Cell Surface Glycosaminoglycans Positively Modulate IL-4-Induced Differentiation toward Dendritic Cells
J. Immunol., March 15, 2008; 180(6): 3680 - 3688.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Nephrol Dial TransplantHome page
T. J. M. Wijnhoven, J. F. M. Lensen, R. G. Wismans, T. G. Hafmans, A. L. W. M. M. Rops, J. van der Vlag, J. H. M. Berden, L. P. W. J. van den Heuvel, and T. H. van Kuppevelt
In vivo blockade of sulphated domains of heparan sulphate in the glomerulus does not result in proteinuria
Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., February 14, 2008; (2008) gfm690v1.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Pathol.Home page
G. B. ten Dam, E. M.A. van de Westerlo, A. Purushothaman, R. V. Stan, J. Bulten, F. C.G.J. Sweep, L. F. Massuger, K. Sugahara, and T. H. van Kuppevelt
Antibody GD3G7 Selected against Embryonic Glycosaminoglycans Defines Chondroitin Sulfate-E Domains Highly Up-Regulated in Ovarian Cancer and Involved in Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Binding
Am. J. Pathol., October 1, 2007; 171(4): 1324 - 1333.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Stem CellsHome page
C. E. Johnson, B. E. Crawford, M. Stavridis, G. ten Dam, A. L. Wat, G. Rushton, C. M. Ward, V. Wilson, T. H. van Kuppevelt, J. D. Esko, et al.
Essential Alterations of Heparan Sulfate During the Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells to Sox1-Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein-Expressing Neural Progenitor Cells
Stem Cells, August 1, 2007; 25(8): 1913 - 1923.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
S. Kurup, T. J. M. Wijnhoven, G. J. Jenniskens, K. Kimata, H. Habuchi, J.-p. Li, U. Lindahl, T. H. van Kuppevelt, and D. Spillmann
Characterization of Anti-heparan Sulfate Phage Display Antibodies AO4B08 and HS4E4
J. Biol. Chem., July 20, 2007; 282(29): 21032 - 21042.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Genes Dev.Home page
A. Abramsson, S. Kurup, M. Busse, S. Yamada, P. Lindblom, E. Schallmeiner, D. Stenzel, D. Sauvaget, J. Ledin, M. Ringvall, et al.
Defective N-sulfation of heparan sulfate proteoglycans limits PDGF-BB binding and pericyte recruitment in vascular development
Genes & Dev., February 1, 2007; 21(3): 316 - 331.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow All Versions of this Article:
281/8/4654    most recent
M506357200v1
Right arrow Submit a Letter to Editor
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me when eLetters are posted
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowRequest Permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Dam, G. B. t.
Right arrow Articles by van Kuppevelt, T. H.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Dam, G. B. t.
Right arrow Articles by van Kuppevelt, T. H.
Social Bookmarking
Add to CiteULike   Add to Complore   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us   Add to Digg   Add to Reddit   Add to Technorati  
What's this?

HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
 All ASBMB Journals   Molecular and Cellular Proteomics 
 Journal of Lipid Research   ASBMB Today 
Copyright © 2006 by the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.
Advertisement
spacer
Advertisement
Advertisement