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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 282, Issue 10, 7219-7231, March 9, 2007

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Nuclear Calcium/Calmodulin-dependent Protein Kinase II Preferentially Transmits Signals to Histone Deacetylase 4 in Cardiac Cells^*

From the Institute for Genetic Medicine and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033

Received for publication, May 4, 2006 , and in revised form, December 15, 2006.

	ABSTRACT

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

 
Class II histone deacetylases (HDACs) act as repressors of cardiac hypertrophy, an adaptative response of the heart characterized by a reprogramming of fetal cardiac genes. Prolonged hypertrophy often leads to dilated cardiomyopathy and heart failure. Upstream endogenous regulators of class II HDACs that regulate hypertrophic growth are just beginning to emerge. HerewedemonstratethattheBisoformofcalcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKIIB), known to promote cardiac hypertrophy, transmits signals specifically to HDAC4 but not other class II HDACs. CaMKIIB efficiently phosphorylates both a glutathione S-transferase (GST)-HDAC4 fragment spanning amino acids 207–311 and full-length FLAG-HDAC4 but not the equivalents in HDAC5. Although previous studies in skeletal muscle cells have shown that HDAC4 lacking serine 246 cannot be phosphorylated by CaMKI/IV, a similar mutant is still phosphorylated by CaMKIIB. Importantly, mutation of serine 210 to alanine totally abolishes phosphorylation of the GST fragment and significantly reduces phosphorylation of full-length HDAC by CaMKIIB. RNA interference knockdown of CaMKIIB prevents the effects of hypertrophic stimuli. Overexpression of CaMKIIB in primary neonatal cardiomyocytes increases the activity of the Mef2 transcription factor and completely rescues HDAC4-mediated repression of MEF2 but only partially rescues inhibition by HDAC5 or the HDAC4 S210A mutant. CaMKIIB strongly interacts with HDAC4 in cells but not with HDAC5. These results demonstrate that CaMKIIB preferentially targets HDAC4, and this involves serine 210. These findings identify HDAC4 as a specific downstream substrate of CaMKIIB in cardiac cells and have broad applications for the signaling pathways leading to cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure.

	INTRODUCTION

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

 
Histone acetylation and deacetylation represent a central mechanism in the control of gene expression (1, 2). Histone acetyltransferases activate transcription by opening chromatin while histone deacetylases (HDACs)² antagonize this effect by deacetylating histones and transcription factors, causing transcriptional repression. Three classes of HDACs have been isolated and differ according to their structure, complex formation, and expression pattern (3). Class II HDACs (-4, -5, -6, -7, -9, and -10) are expressed abundantly in heart, brain, and skeletal muscle, the same tissues that express high levels of the myocyte enhancer factor-2 (Mef2) family of transcriptional activators. In skeletal muscle cells, association of class II HDACs with Mef2 results in repression of Mef2 activity and inhibition of myogenesis (4). This effect is mediated by interaction of MEF2 with the N-terminal region of class II HDACs that contains two conserved calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMK) phosphorylation sites. Phosphorylation of these sites by CaMKI or -IV recruits the chaperone protein 14-3-3, which results in the nuclear export of HDAC/14-3-3 complexes (5–8), and de-repression of HDAC target genes such as MEF2 (5, 9).

CaMKs are serine/threonine kinases regulated by calcium and calmodulin. Activation of CaMK signaling plays a role in cardiac diseases such as hypertrophic growth (see Ref. 10 for review). CaMKIV, although not expressed in the myocardium, can enter the nucleus, and mice expressing high levels of this kinase develop a profound hypertrophy (11). CaMKII is the major isoform expressed in heart muscle and exists as a homo- or heteromultimer of 8–12 subunits derived from four genes, , , , and (for reviews, see Refs. 12–14). The subunit of CaMKII predominates in the adult heart (15–17), and two splice variants, B and C, are expressed at the protein level in this organ (15, 16, 18). CaMKII isoforms are highly homologous with the exception of a variable domain generated by alternative splicing. The B isoform contains an 11-amino acid nuclear localization signal (19, 20), allowing expression of the kinase in the nucleus of cardiac cells. Thus, heteromultimers with a majority of B subunits localize to the nucleus and are expected to regulate transcriptional events in heart muscle. So far CaMKIIB has been shown to regulate transcription through one effect, the induction of the atrial natriuretic factor, which requires the nuclear localization signal of the kinase (21). Recent studies have linked the B subunit of CaMKII to cardiac hypertrophy, because transgenic mice expressing high levels of the kinase develop hypertrophy and dilated cardiomyopathy (22, 23). The details of the pathways involved remain to be determined.

In heart muscle class II HDACs act as repressors of cardiac hypertrophy (see Ref. 24 for review), an adaptative response of the heart to various pathological stimuli characterized by an increase in cell size and reprogramming of fetal cardiac genes (see Ref. 25 for review). Although initially beneficial, prolonged hypertrophy often leads to dilated cardiomyopathy and heart failure. Forced expression of HDAC5 and -9 prevents agonist-mediated hypertrophy in isolated cardiomyocytes (26), and mutant mice lacking HDAC5 and -9 are hypersensitive to hypertrophic stimuli and develop severe hypertrophic growth (26, 27). Hypertrophy mediated by phenylephrine treatment leads to an increase in Mef2 activity through a post-translational mechanism mediated by CaMK signaling (28). Activation of CaMKI and -IV promotes the phosphorylation of two conserved serines at the N-terminal of class II HDACs, Ser-246/467 in HDAC4, Ser-259/498 in HDAC5, and Ser-218/448 in HDAC9. Mutant HDACs lacking the conserved serines are resistant to hypertrophic signals and prevent myocardiocyte hypertrophy (26). Protein kinases C and D1 also phosphorylate HDAC5 and regulate cardiac stress signaling (29, 30). The phosphorylation of class II HDACs provides a mechanism to connect extracellular stimuli to the genome. However, CaMKI and -IV are expressed at very low levels or not expressed at all in heart muscle, and the cardiac endogenous CaMK(s) responsible for these events has yet to be identified.

HDAC4, -5, and -9 are all substrates of CaMKI and -IV in non-cardiac cells. Here, we report the unsuspected finding that nuclear CaMKIIB transmits signals through phosphorylation specifically to HDAC4. A GST-HDAC4 fragment spanning amino acids 207–311 is heavily phosphorylated by CaMKIIB but not the equivalent fragment in HDAC5 or -9. Importantly, full-length HDAC4 but not HDAC5 is a substrate for CaMKIIB. Although an HDAC4 mutant lacking serine 246 cannot be phosphorylated by CaMKI and -IV, we find that such a mutant is still highly phosphorylated by the B subunit of CaMKII. We discovered a novel site in HDAC4 that confers responsiveness to CaMKIIB. Mutation of serine 210 to alanine in GST-HDAC4-(207–311) totally abolishes phosphorylation by CaMKIIB and substitution of Ser-210 with alanine in full-length HDAC4 (HDAC4-S210A) impairs phosphorylation by CaMKIIB. We also demonstrate that HDAC4, but not HDAC5, strongly interacts with CaMKIIB in cells. Furthermore, in the presence of the kinase, HDAC4 minimally affects Mef2 activity in primary cardiomyocytes, whereas HDAC4-S210A and HDAC5 have a strong repressive effect. We demonstrate that specific knockdown of CaMKIIB by siRNA inhibits Mef2 activity in primary cardiomyocytes and prevents the effect of hypertrophic stimuli. These findings demonstrate that HDAC4 is a specific substrate for CaMKIIB in cardiac cells and have broad applications for mechanisms of transcriptional repression and for pathways involved in the development of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure.

	EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

 
Plasmids, Inhibitors, and Antibodies—The 3xMef2-luciferase reporter construct has been described previously (31). SR empty plasmid and SR-CaMKIIB were gifts from Joan Heller-Brown (University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA) and Howard Schulman (Stanford University). Constitutively active forms of CaMKIIB (CaMKIIB-T287D, CaMKIIB-T287D/S332A, and CaMKIIB-T287D/S332–335A) were generated by site-directed mutagenesis (Stratagene). Each mutation was confirmed by DNA sequencing. The construct Gal-Mef2C-(1–465), GST-HDAC fusion proteins, and GST-HDAC fusion proteins in which Ser-246 for HDAC4, Ser-259 for HDAC5, and Ser-218 for HDAC9 are mutated to Ala (26) were gifts from Eric Olson (University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX). GST-HDAC4 mutants with serines 209, 210, 219, 222, 223, 278, 288, 290, 293, 306, 307, 309, and 311 mutated to Ala were generated by site-directed mutagenesis and were expressed as recombinant proteins in DH5 bacterial cells. Mutagenesis was verified by DNA sequencing. Full-length HDAC4 and -5 plasmids carrying the FLAG epitope were generously provided by Stuart Schreiber (Harvard University, Cambridge, MA). Full-length HDAC4 with Ser-210 mutated to alanine was generated by site-directed mutagenesis. The presence of the mutation was verified by DNA sequencing. 14-3-3 was a generous gift from Stuart Schreiber (Harvard University, Cambridge, MA). KN-93 CaMKII inhibitor and the KN-92 inactive analogue were purchased from Calbiochem. FLAG antibody (M2) and HA-affinity gel were from Sigma. HA (F-7 monoclonal or Y-11 polyclonal), GAPDH (V-18 goat polyclonal), GFP (FL polyclonal), GST (Z-5), and c-Myc (A-14) antibodies were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA). -Actinin antibody (mouse monoclonal) was from Sigma, and ANF antibody (polyclonal) was from Bachem.

Generation of Adeno-CaMKIIB and Adeno-CaMKIIB-T287D—Adenoviruses expressing wild-type CaMKIIB and active CaMKIIB-T287D were generated using the AdEASY Vector System as described in a previous study (32). Briefly, each cDNA was subcloned into the EcoRI site of pAdTrack-CMV vector. The HA tag sequence was kept at the N terminus of both proteins. pAdTrack-CMV vectors bearing CaMKIIB or CaMKIIB-T287D cDNA were first linearized with PmeI, and then, together with adenoviral backbone vector pAdEasy, introduced into Escherichia coli strain BJ5183. Recombinant adenoviral plasmids were recovered and introduced into 293A cells by Lipofectamine (Invitrogen). The recombinant viruses (Ad-CaMKIIB and Ad-CaMKIIB-T287D) were propagated in 293A cells and recovered after several freezing/thawing cycles. After filtration through 45-µm filters, the virus titer was measured by serial dilution and counting the number of GFP-positive cells by fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis.

Expression of GST-HDACs in Bacteria—GST and GST-HDACs, wild type and with serine to alanine mutations, were expressed in bacteria as described previously (33). Equal amounts of fusion proteins were used in each phosphorylation assay.

In Vitro Phosphorylation of GST-HDACs by CaMKIIB—CaMKIIB-T287D was purified from HeLa cells infected with Ad-CaMKIIB-T287D using EZ-view Red HA-affinity gel following the manufacturer's instructions (Sigma). Phosphorylation of GST-HDAC recombinant proteins was performed in a kinase buffer (25 mM Hepes, 10 mM MgCl₂, 2 mM CaCl₂) in the presence of calmodulin (40 µg/ml) and [-³²P]ATP (5 mCi/ml). GST-HDACs were added to 0.5 µg of CaMKIIB-T287D bound to HA-agarose. In vitro kinase assays were also performed with concentrations of CaMKIIB ranging from 5 to 100 ng and supplemented with 12.5 µM ATP. Concentration of the kinase was calculated by running aliquots on 4–12% NuPAGE BisTris gels (Invitrogen) alongside bovine serum albumin standards. Reactions were performed at room temperature for 20 min and stopped by addition of loading buffer. The reactions were then resolved on 4–12% NuPAGE BisTris gels. After Coomassie staining, the gels were dried onto filter paper and analyzed by autoradiography. Phosphorylation was quantified by densitometry using a Storm scanner and ImageQuant software. GST-HDAC fusion proteins were also detected by Western blot with an anti-GST antibody on aliquots of the substrate to demonstrate equal loading.

Phosphorylation of Full-length HDACs—COS7 cells were transfected with full-length FLAG-HDAC4, FLAG-HDAC4-S210A, FLAG-HDAC5, or HA-CaMKIIB-T287D using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen). Total cell extracts were prepared as previously described (31) in buffer containing 50 mM Tris, pH 7.6, 150 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, 1%Triton X-100, and a protease inhibitor mixture (Sigma) for HDACs and in buffer containing 200 mM Hepes, pH 7.6, 20% glycerol, 1.5 mM MgCl₂, 0.2 mM EDTA, 0.1% TX-100, 500 mM NaCl, and a protease inhibitor mixture for CaMK. HDACs were purified using anti-FLAG M2 affinity gel (Sigma) and CaMKIIB-T287D using EZ-view Red anti-HA affinity gel (Sigma). HDACs were eluted using 100 mM glycine, pH 3.5, neutralized by addition of a one-tenth volume of 1 M Tris, pH 8.0, and added to 0.5 µg of CaMKIIB-T287D still bound to the HA affinity gel. Kinase reactions were also performed with limiting (5–100 ng) amounts of enzyme. Phosphorylation reactions were performed as described for GST-HDACs except that labeled proteins were transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride membrane (Amersham Biosciences), and Western blot analysis was performed to verify equal loading of each HDAC and the kinase.

Immunoprecipitation and Western Blot Analysis—COS7 cells were co-transfected with full-length FLAG-HDAC4, FLAG-HDAC4-S210A, or FLAG-HDAC5 plus CaMKIIBor CaMKIIB-T287D carrying an HA epitope using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen). When indicated, the cells were transfected with Myc-tagged 14-3-3. Total cell extracts were prepared as previously described (31) in buffer containing 50 mM Tris, pH 7.6, 250 mM or 150 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, 1% Triton X-100, and a protease inhibitor mixture (Sigma). HDAC4, HDAC4-S210A, HDAC5, CaMKIIB, and 14-3-3 protein levels were determined by direct Western blot analysis of 2.5% of the total cell extract using anti-FLAG M2, anti-HA, or anti-Myc antibody. Class II HDACs were immunoprecipitated using anti-FLAG M2 affinity gel (Sigma) from the remaining cell extract and washed in the cell lysis buffer. Proteins were eluted using 100 mM glycine, pH 3.5, and separated on 4–12% NuPAGE BisTris gels (Invitrogen). After transfer to a polyvinylidene difluoride membrane (Amersham Biosciences), Western blot analysis was performed with the anti-HA antibody to detect interaction with CaMKIIB, and with the anti-Myc antibody to detect binding with 14-3-3.

Isolation and Transfection of Primary Neonatal Rat Cardiomyocytes—Primary neonatal rat cardiomyocytes from 2- to 3-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats were prepared as previously described (31). Transfections were carried out by calcium phosphate precipitation using the BES-buffered saline protocol as described before (31) or using Lipofectamine 200 (Invitrogen). Cardiomyocytes were plated in 12-well plates at a density of 1 x 10⁶ cells/well and transfected with the indicated plasmids. Total DNA was maintained constant between wells. 48 h after transfection, total cell lysates were prepared, and luciferase activity was measured with a Victor luminometer. Cardiomyocytes treated with the CaMKII inhibitors were first transfected with the G5E1b-luciferase reporter. 24 h after transfection, the media was changed and the cells were maintained in media supplemented with 2 µM of KN-93 or 2 µM of its inactive analogue KN-92 for 24 h. Total cell lysates were prepared, and luciferase activity was measured as described previously.

For studies involving cardiac hypertrophy, primary cardiomyocytes were isolated as described earlier, and, 24 h after plating, the cells were cultured in serum-free medium before stimulation with phenylephrine (PE, 10 µM) or fetal bovine serum (10%).

Immunofluorescence Studies—Immunofluorescence was performed as described previously (31). Briefly, primary neonatal cardiomyocytes were plated on coverslides in 6-well dishes. Cells were transfected with CaMKIIB-T287D or CaMKIIB-T287D/S332A. For adenoviral infection, cardiomyocytes were infected with a control Ad-GFP or Ad-CaMKIIB-shRNA at identical titers. 12 h later, the culture medium was changed to serum-free medium for several hours followed by addition of PE or fetal bovine serum. COS7 cells were co-transfected with FLAG-HDAC4, FLAG-HDAC5, or FLAG-HDAC4-S210A in the presence or absence of Myc-tagged 14-3-3, HA-CaMKIIB-T287D, or both. The same experiment was also performed with wild-type CaMKIIB. 48 h later the cells were washed with phosphate-buffered saline and fixed with 4% formalin. After permeabilization with phosphate-buffered saline supplemented with (0.5%) Nonidet P-40, the slides were blocked with phosphate-buffered saline containing 5% nonfat dry milk and then incubated with the same solution containing the primary antibody recognizing the HA probe (dilution 1:100), -actinin (dilution 1:100), or the atrial natriuretic factor (ANF, dilution 1:200). Secondary reactions were performed with a secondary antibody conjugated with TRITC or Cy3. The coverslides were mounted with Vectashield mounting media containing 4',6'-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) (Vector Laboratories). Signals were observed by confocal microscopy with a Zeiss confocal microscope (LSM 510) or an Olympus confocal microscope.

siRNA Preparation and Transfection—To design target-specific siRNA duplexes against the B isoform of CaMKII, we selected sequences of the type AA(N19) (N, any nucleotide) from the open reading frame of rat CaMKIIB mRNA. We obtained a 21-nucleotide sense and antisense strand with symmetric 2-nucleotide 3'-overhangs of identical sequences. The target sequence from rat CaMKIIB (sense siRNA: 5'-GUUCGAGUGUUCAGAUGAUdTdT-3') was utilized and was submitted to a BLAST search to ensure that only this isoform of CaMKII was targeted. A scramble oligoribonucleotide duplex that was not homologous to any mammalian genes was utilized as the control (sense siRNA: 5'-UUCUCCGAACGUGUCACGUdTdT-3'). siRNAs were obtained from Dharmacon Research (Lafayette, CO). Transient transfections of siRNAs in primary neonatal rat cardiomyocytes were carried out using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen). Primary cardiomyocytes were transfected with a 3xMef2-luciferase reporter or the G5E1b-luciferase reporter and siRNA directed against CaMKIIB or control siRNA. Luciferase activity was measured 72 h later in cell extracts. Specific silencing was confirmed by Western blot analysis and by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR analysis.

For the generation of Ad-CaMKIIB shRNA, a small DNA insert consisting of 72 bp in length that encodes a short hairpin targeting CaMKIIB was cloned into the pRNATH1.1/Adeno vector (Genscript) at the MluI and XhoI sites. The vector contains a GFP marker under the control of the CMV promoter. The pRNATH1.1/Adeno-CaMKIIB vector was linearized and recombined with BJ183-AD-1 cells (Stratagene). Recombinant adenoviral DNA was transfected into 293A cells to generate and amplify Ad-CaMKIIB shRNA virus. Virus titer was measured by serial dilution and by counting the number of GFP-positive cells by fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis.

Reverse Transcription-PCR Analysis—Primary cardiomyocytes were transfected with CaMKIIB siRNA or control siRNA using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen). 48 h after transfection, total RNA was extracted with TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen) as described previously (31). After reverse transcription of total RNA using the RETROscript kit (Ambion), endogenous CaMKIIB mRNA levels were measured by PCR with CaMKIIB-specific primers in a reaction containing [³²P]dCTP. GAPDH was used as the loading control. PCR products were separated on 5% acrylamide gels and visualized by autoradiography.

	RESULTS

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

 
CaMKIIB Selectively Phosphorylates GST-HDAC4-(207–311) but Not the Equivalent Fragments in HDAC5 or HDAC9—In skeletal muscle cells CaMKI and -IV phosphorylate and induce the nuclear export of HDAC4 and -5, which results in the activation of MEF2 and stimulation of myogenesis (9). Shuttling of these HDACs from the nucleus to the cytoplasm is mediated by the phosphorylation of two regulatory serines conserved in HDAC4, -5, and -9 (Ser-246 and -467 in HDAC4, Ser-259 and -498 in HDAC5, and Ser-218 and -448 in HDAC9) (26). We hypothesized that the CaMK cardiac isoform IIB would phosphorylate these serines of class II HDACs in cardiac cells. To test this we performed an in vitro kinase assay with purified activated CaMKIIB-T287D and similar amounts of substrate polypeptides of HDAC4, -5, and -9 (Fig. 1A, lower panel) encompassing the conserved serines fused to GST. Although GST-HDAC4 was strongly phosphorylated by the kinase, quite unexpectedly, the GST-HDAC5 and GST-HDAC9 fusion proteins were not (Fig. 1A, lanes 1, 3, and 5). Thus CaMKIIB specifically phosphorylated a GST-HDAC4 fusion protein encompassing amino acids 207–311 but not the equivalent GST-HDAC5 or GST-HDAC9 fragments. Furthermore, a GST-HDAC4 fusion protein bearing the regulatory Ser-246 mutated to alanine was still phosphorylated by CaMKIIB (Fig. 1A, lane 2). In fact, the phosphorylation of the mutated protein was slightly increased compared with the wild-type protein (Fig. 1, B and C). In vitro kinase assays with lesser amounts of GST-HDAC4 fusion proteins showed a similar result (Fig. 1, B (lanes 3 and 5) and C). We also performed in vitro kinase reactions with a constant amount of GST-HDAC substrates and increasing amounts of enzyme ranging from 5 to 100 ng. HDAC4, but not HDAC5 was phosphorylated by CaMKIIB in these conditions (supplemental Fig. S1). We also verified that, in our hands, activated CaMKIV phosphorylates GST-HDAC4 but not the GST-HDAC4 fusion protein bearing the regulatory Ser-246 mutated to alanine (data not shown). All together, these results show that the B isoform of CaMKII specifically phosphorylates HDAC4 but not the equivalent amino acids in HDAC5 or HDAC9. Furthermore the site of phosphorylation is not the regulatory serine 246 but, rather, one or more novel CaMKIIB phosphorylatable sites in HDAC4 that are not a target in other class II HDACs.

View larger version (27K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIGURE 1. CaMKIIB selectively phosphorylates HDAC4. A, HeLa cells were infected with Ad-CaMKIIB-T287D, and the kinase was purified with HA-affinity gel. In vitro phosphorylation assays were performed with 0.5 µg of purified CaMKIIB and 1 µg of recombinant GST-HDAC fusion proteins and their corresponding mutants. After separation of the reaction on 4–12% NuPAGE Bis-Tris gels, the gels were dried and the signal was revealed using a phosphor screen on a Storm scanner. Duplicates of the reaction were transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride membranes after SDS-PAGE. Western blot analysis with an anti-GST antibody revealed the amount of GST-HDAC fusion proteins expressed (lower panels). B, phosphorylation of GST-HDAC4 and GST-HDAC4 mutant by CaMKIIB was also demonstrated with two different concentrations of substrates. Quantitative analysis was performed with a Storm scanner and is shown in C. This experiment is representative of at least three independent experiments.

View larger version (71K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIGURE 2. Mutation of serine 210 to alanine abolishes HDAC4 phosphorylation by CaMKIIB. A, 13 single amino acid substitutions were generated in GST-HDAC4 by site-directed mutagenesis. B, in vitro phosphorylation assays and GST Western blots were carried out as described in Fig. 1. Substitution of Ser-210 to alanine totally abolished phosphorylation of HDAC4. C, amount of GST-HDAC4 used in each in vitro phosphorylation assay measured by Western blot using anti-GST antibody. These experiments were repeated at least twice.

HDAC4 Interacts with CaMKIIB in Cells—Next, we determined whether class II HDACs associate with CaMKIIB in cells. To achieve high level expression of HDAC4 and -5, we introduced them into COS7 cells using a lipid-based delivery method. COS7 cells were co-transfected with HDAC4 or -5 expression vectors carrying a FLAG epitope and constitutively active CaMKIIB-T287D (14) carrying an HA epitope or SR empty vector. HDACs were then immunoprecipitated using anti-FLAG affinity gel followed by Western blot analysis with an anti-HA antibody (Fig. 3A). When HDAC4 and CaMKIIB-T287D were simultaneously expressed in the cells, we found a strong association between them (Fig. 3B). The association was specific, because it was not observed in the presence of empty vector or when control mouse IgG was used for mock immunoprecipitation (not shown). HDAC4 is distributed between the nuclear and the cytoplasmic compartment in cells (34), including in unstimulated cardiomyocytes (data not shown). However, quite unexpectedly, we found that active CaMKIIB-T287D localized preferentially to the cytoplasm of cells (see Fig. 6D). To investigate whether the nuclear pool of HDAC4 interacts with CaMKIIB, we also tested HDAC4 interaction with wild-type CaMKIIB that has some low basal activity in cardiomyocytes and is expressed for the most part in cardiac nuclei. We found that the wild-type kinase, like active CaMKIIB-T287D, strongly associated with HDAC4 in cells (Fig. 3C). In contrast, we observed no binding or at best a very weak binding between HDAC5 and active CaMKIIB-T287D (Fig. 4A, compare lanes 1 and 4) or the wild-type CaMKIIB (not shown). These results demonstrate that CaMKIIB and HDAC4 bind to one another with a strong affinity in cells, whereas the kinase has at most a very low affinity for HDAC5. These findings together with the in vitro phosphorylation data suggest that HDAC4 is a preferred substrate of CaMKIIB.

View larger version (38K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIGURE 3. Interaction of HDAC4 and CaMKIIB. As shown in A and described under "Experimental Procedures" COS7 cells were co-transfected with expression vectors for FLAG-tagged HDACs and active HA-tagged CaMKIIB-T287D (B), plus wild-type CaMKIIB(C), or empty vector. FLAG-HDACs were immunoprecipitated from whole cell extracts with FLAG affinity gel and washed in lysis buffer containing 250 mM NaCl. HDACs were detected by FLAG antibody (upper panels) and CaMKIIB using HA antibody (lower panels). Expression levels of the transfected proteins in whole cell extract are demonstrated by direct Western blot analysis of the extracts. These experiments were performed at least three times.

CaMKIIB Enhances MEF2C-dependent Transcription—Mef2 is activated by a variety of hypertrophic agents (28) and is required for proper cardiac development (35) and normal post-natal cardiac growth (36). In addition, Mef2 controls various cardiac-specific genes and is considered a point of convergence of various hypertrophic stimuli in the heart. Because the B subunit of CaMKII is the predominant nuclear isoform of CaMKII in cardiac muscle and is implicated in cardiac hypertrophy (22), we tested whether CaMKIIB can regulate Mef2-dependent transcription in primary neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. The 3xMef2-luciferase reporter was transiently transfected in cultured cardiomyocytes in the presence or absence of a CaMKIIB expression vector. Forced expression of CaMKIIB increased transcription of the reporter in a dose-dependent manner (Fig. 5A). We also tested the effect of constitutively active CaMKIIB-T287D. Overexpression of CaMKIIB-T287D resulted in a strong increase in the activity of the 3xMef2-luciferase reporter (Fig. 5B). We verified that both wild-type CaMKIIB and active CaMKIIB-T287D were expressed equally well in cardiac cells by Western blot analysis of protein extracts from transfected cardiac cells (Fig. 5C). We also transfected cardiomyocytes with CaMKIIB expression vector and constructs in which the DNA-binding domain of Gal4 is fused to full-length Mef2C (Gal-Mef2C-(1–465)) or Mef2C deletion constructs lacking either the MADS (Gal-Mef2C-(247–327)) or the transactivation domains of Mef2C (Gal-Mef2C-(1–174)). When we measured transcriptional activity on a Gal-dependent reporter construct G5E1b-luciferase, we found that forced expression of CaMKIIB indeed caused an increase in Mef2C transcriptional activity (Fig. 5D). Interestingly, the kinase had strong transactivation effect on full-length Gal-Mef2C as well as a partial effect on deletion constructs lacking either the MADS or the transactivation domains of Mef2C.

HDAC4 and -5 Differentially Inhibit CaMKIIB-mediated Co-activation of Mef2 in Primary Cardiomyocytes—CaMKI/IV activate Mef2 by relieving repression by class II HDACs. To investigate the functional consequence of CaMKIIB-mediated binding and phosphorylation of HDAC4, we tested whether activated CaMKIIB-T287D in the presence of HDAC4 or -5 could release repression of Mef2. If HDAC4 is a preferred substrate of the kinase, one would expect that CaMKIIB would relieve repression of Mef2 in the presence of HDAC4 but not HDAC5. Primary cardiocytes were transfected with CaMKIIB-T287D along with the 3xMef2 reporter in the presence of small concentrations of HDAC4 or -5. In the presence of active CaMKIIB-T287D, HDAC4 slightly decreased Mef2 activity, whereas HDAC5 more strongly inhibited Mef2 activity (Fig. 6A). Constitutively active CaMKIIB-T287D localized preferentially to the cytoplasm (Fig. 6D), and HDAC5 was expressed almost exclusively in the nuclei of cardiac cells under basal conditions (data not shown). Thus, the failure of CaMKIIB to rescue HDAC5-mediated repression of Mef2 could be attributed to the different location of the kinase and HDAC5 in the cells. To test this hypothesis, we generated two additional forms of constitutive active CaMKIIB enzymes expected to remain in the nuclear compartment (37). The first one was generated by substituting serine 332 with alanine (CaMKIIB-T287D/S332A), and the second was made by mutating four serines (serines 332, 333, 334, and 335) to alanine (CaMKIIB-T287D/S332–335A). Both enzymes were transfected in primary cardiomyocytes and were tested for their ability to prevent HDAC4 or -5 repression of Mef2. Similar to the results obtained with active CaMKIIB-T287D, HDAC4 slightly decreased Mef2 activity, whereas HDAC5 strongly inhibited Mef2 activity in the presence of either CaMKIIB-T287D/S332A or CaMKIIB-T287D/S332–335A (Fig. 6, B and C). We verified that both enzymes were indeed expressed in the nuclei of cardiac cells. As expected, CaMKIIB-T287D/S332A and CaMKIIB-T287D/S332–335A were detected in cardiac nuclei. Interestingly, CaMKIIB-T287D/S332–335A was also expressed in the cytoplasm of cardiac cells, although nuclear staining was stronger (Fig. 6D). To rule out the possibility that the differential effect of CaMKIIB on HDAC4 and -5 could be due to differences in protein levels, we measured HDAC expression level in cardiac nuclei by Western blot analysis. HDAC4 and -5 were expressed at similar levels in transfected cardiac cells (Fig. 6E). These results demonstrate that HDAC4 and -5 have a differential effect on Mef2 activity. All together, our findings suggest that HDAC4 but not HDAC5 is a preferred substrate of the B isoform of CaMKII.

View larger version (34K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIGURE 4. CaMKII B selectively phosphorylates full-length HDAC4, and Ser-210-Ala mutation decreases HDAC4 phosphorylation. A, COS7 cells were co-transfected with full-length FLAG-HDAC4, FLAG-HDAC4-S210A, or FLAG-HDAC5 and HA-CaMKIIB-T287D. 48 h after transfection, HDACs were immunoprecipitated with FLAG affinity gel, and after washing, eluted proteins were subjected to SDS-PAGE as described in Fig. 3. B, active CaMKIIB-T287D was purified from COS7 cells transfected with HA-CaMKIIB-T287D expression vector using HA-affinity gel. FLAG-HDAC4 or FLAG-HDAC5 was transfected in COS7 cells and immunoprecipitated with FLAG affinity gel. Immunoprecipitated HDACs were then incorporated in a reaction containing purified CaMKIIB-T287D and [-32P]ATP. After SDS-PAGE, the proteins were transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride membranes, HDAC levels were analyzed using anti-FLAG antibody, and the signal was revealed by autoradiography. C, COS7 cells were transfected with full-length FLAG-HDAC4, FLAG-HDAC4-S210A, or FLAG-HDAC5. After immunoprecipitation with FLAG affinity gel, the HDACs were incorporated in a kinase reaction as described in B. Quantitation analysis is from three separate experiments.

The de-repression of Mef2 upon activation of CaMKI/IV is due to a sequestration of class II HDACs in the cytoplasmic compartment through binding to 14-3-3 (5, 9). The observation that HDAC4-S210A potently represses Mef2 co-activation by CaMKIIB raised the possibility that this mutant HDAC4 might be expressed in a different cellular compartment than HDAC4 and that binding to 14-3-3 might be impaired. We tested this hypothesis by expressing HDAC4, HDAC4-S210A, and HDAC5 in COS7 cells and by studying their subcellular localization in the presence or absence of 14-3-3 and activated CaMKIIB-T287D. When HDAC4 was expressed alone, 74 ± 1% of the cells showed a strictly cytoplasmic staining, and co-expression of 14-3-3 or CaMKIIB-T287D increased this number to 89 ± 0.3% and 95.5 ± 2.5%, respectively. HDAC4 expressed in some nuclei showed a strong punctuated pattern, possibly reflecting nuclear foci as described previously (5). Representative images are shown in Fig. 7A. Expression of HDAC5 alone resulted in an exclusive nuclear staining in 98 ± 1.5% of the cells, and forced expression of 14-3-3 or CaMKIIB-T287D had no effect on HDAC5 subcellular localization. Representative images are shown in Fig. 7B. Expression of HDAC4-S210A alone resulted in 68.8 ± 1.6% of the cells with a strict cytoplasmic staining. When 14-3-3 was overexpressed with HDAC4-S210A, the fraction of cells with strict cytoplasmic staining increased to 92 ± 2.1%. When CaMKIIB-T287D was overexpressed, HDAC4-S210A was strictly cytoplasmic in 98 ± 0.5% of the cells. Representative images are shown in Fig. 7C. These results suggest that CaMKIIB-T287D promotes 14-3-3 binding to HDAC4 but not HDAC5. Furthermore, mutation of Ser-210 in HDAC4 is not sufficient to disrupt 14-3-3 binding. We also performed co-localization studies between HDAC4, HDAC4-S210A, or HDAC5, and wild-type CaMKIIB, which is expressed at high levels in nuclei. Co-expression of CaMKIIB with HDAC4, HDAC4-S210A, or HDAC5 did not affect the subcellular localization of these HDACs (supplemental Fig. S3). Next, we analyzed the effect of CaMKIIB on 14-3-3 interaction with HDAC4 and HDAC4-S210A by co-immunoprecipitation assay. In agreement with our co-localization studies, CaMKIIB-T287D induced increase binding of 14-3-3 to HDAC4, and substitution of Ser-210 to alanine had no effect on HDAC4/14-3-3 interaction (supplemental Fig. S4). All together, our data suggest that CaMKIIB transmits signals to HDAC4 but not to HDAC5. They also suggest that mutation of Ser-210 alone is not sufficient to abrogate 14-3-3 binding to HDAC4.

View larger version (25K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIGURE 5. CaMKIIB enhances cardiac transcription. A and B, primary cardiomyocytes were co-transfected with the 3xMEF2-luciferase reporter and a control empty SR vector or with the reporter and expression vectors for CaMKIIB or CaMKIIB-T287D at the indicated concentrations. 48 h later, luciferase activity was measured in total cell lysates. In all transfections, the total amount of DNA was kept constant. Each value is the mean ± S.D. of a triplicate experiment that was performed in at least three independent cardiomyocyte preparations. C, CaMKIIB and CaMKIIB-T287D protein levels from transfected cells were determined by Western blot analysis with an anti-HA antibody after SDS-PAGE of total cell lysates. Duplicates of cell lysates run on SDS-PAGE were stained with Coomassie Blue. D, primary cardiomyocytes were co-transfected with a Gal4-dependent reporter construct G5E1b-luciferase, a Gal4 construct fused to full-length MEF2C (Gal-MEF2C-(1–465)) or with deletion constructs containing the MADS domain (Gal-MEF2C-(1–174)) or lacking the MADS domain but retaining transcriptional activity (Gal-MEF2C-(247–327)), and with a CaMKIIB expression vector SR. Transcriptional activity was measured 48 h later from total cell lysates. Each value represents the mean ± S.D. of three independent experiments carried out in triplicate.

The predominant isoforms of CaMKII in heart muscle are the B and C subunits (15, 17). CaMKIIB is defined by a nuclear localization signal, which is absent in the C isoform. Both enzymes are extremely homologous within their coding region, and CaMKII inhibitors block the activity of both isoforms. To specifically silence CaMKIIB, we designed siRNA oligonucleotides within the nuclear localization region. The ability of CaMKIIB siRNA to suppress expression of CaMKIIB protein was validated by co-transfecting the kinase and the siRNA in cardiac cells. Western blot analysis revealed that the designed sequence specifically abolished CaMKIIB expression in primary cardiac cells, whereas expression of GAPDH was not affected (Fig. 8B). Specific silencing of endogenous CaMKIIB was also observed while equal concentrations of control siRNA had no effect (Fig. 8C). The G5E1b-luciferase or the 3xMef2-luciferase reporters were then co-transfected with CaMKIIB siRNA or control siRNA, and luciferase activity was measured. We observed that Mef2 activity was inhibited by CaMKIIB siRNA while control siRNA had no effect (Fig. 8, D and E). These results suggest that CaMKIIB signaling is critical for Mef2 activity in cardiac cells.

Cardiac hypertrophy is characterized by increased cell size and reprogramming of fetal cardiac genes (25) such as those encoding the ANF and -actinin. We examined the effect of specific silencing of CaMKIIB on hypertrophic growth induced by serum and agonist treatment in primary cardiac cells (28). Primary cardiomyocytes can be transfected with efficiencies reaching at best 20% using lipid-mediated delivery. To ensure silencing of the kinase in 100% of the cells, we developed an adenovirus expressing a small hairpin RNA against CaMKIIB (Ad-CaMKIIB shRNA). The ability of Ad-CaMKIIB shRNA to suppress CaMKIIB expression was validated in primary cardiomyocytes by infecting the cells with Ad-CaMKIIB or a control adenovirus expressing GFP (Ad-GFP) and increasing amounts of Ad-CaMKIIB shRNA. CaMKIIB protein levels were measured by Western blot analysis using an HA antibody. Specific silencing of the kinase was achieved because adenoviral overexpression of CaMKIIB shRNA reduced levels of CaMKIIB in cardiac cells but not levels of -catenin (Fig. 9A). After establishing the ability of Ad-CaMKIIB shRNA to reduce expression of CaMKIIB, we examined the impact on cardiac hypertrophy induced by serum and PE treatment using indirect immunofluorescence. Primary cardiomyocytes expressing GFP and treated with serum or PE developed organized sarcomeres (Fig. 9B). ANF showed a strong perinuclear staining in cells treated with PE (Fig. 9C). In contrast, suppression of CaMKIIB expression reduced serum and PE-mediated assembly of sarcomeres as well as ANF expression (Fig. 9, B and C). The blockade of the PE response in cells expressing CaMKIIB shRNA was also observed by Western blot analysis of -actinin levels (Fig. 9D). Taken together, these results demonstrate that CaMKIIB is a potent regulator of Mef2-driven transcription and that CaMKIIB-mediated signaling is critical to cardiac hypertrophy.

View larger version (36K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIGURE 6. Stronger inhibition of CaMKIIB co-activation of Mef2 by HDAC4-S210A and HDAC5 than by HDAC4 in primary cardiomyocytes. Primary cardiomyocytes were co-transfected with 0.25 µg of 3 xMEF2-luciferase reporter and control empty SR vector or with the reporter and expression vectors for HDAC4 or -5 and with CaMKIIB-T287D (A), CaMKIIB-T287D/S332A (B), or CaMKIIdB-T287D/S332–335A (C). 48 h after transfection, luciferase activity was measured in total cell lysates. In all transfections, the total amount of DNA was kept constant. Each value represents the mean ± S.D. of two independent experiments carried out in triplicate. D, primary cardiomyocytes were transfected with expression vectors for CaMKIIB-T287D, CaMKIIB-T287D/S332A, or CaMKIIB-T287D/S332–335A. 48 h after transfection, indirect immunofluorescence was performed with an HA antibody. Fluorescence was visualized with a Zeiss confocal microscope. This experiment was repeated many times in several independent cardiomyocyte preparations. E, in parallel experiments, primary cardiomyocytes plated in 10-cm dishes were transfected with HDAC4 or -5 expression vectors. 48 h after transfection, nuclear extracts were prepared and HDAC4 and -5 protein levels were measured by Western blot analysis using an anti-FLAG antibody. F, primary cardiomyocytes were co-transfected with 0.75 µg of 3xMEF2-luciferase reporter and three concentrations of HDAC4, HDAC4-S210A, or HDAC5 (0.05, 0.1, and 0.5 µg) in the presence or absence of CaMKIIB-T287D. 48 h later, luciferase activity was measured in total cell lysates. The total amount of DNA was kept constant, and each value is the representative of two independent experiments carried out in triplicate. G, in parallel experiments, cardiomyocytes plated in 10-cm dishes were transfected with HDAC4, HDAC4-S210A, or HDAC5 expression vectors. 48 h after transfection, extracts were prepared and HDACs protein levels were measured by Western blot analysis using an anti-FLAG antibody.

	DISCUSSION

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

View larger version (53K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIGURE 7. Subcellular localization of HDAC4, HDAC4-S210A, and HDAC5 with 14-3-3 upon activation of CaMKIIB. COS7 cells were co-transfected with FLAG-HDAC4 (A), HDAC5 (B), or HDAC4-S210A (C) and Myc-tagged 14-3-3 or HA-CaMKIIB-T287D. 48 h after transfection, indirect immunofluorescence was performed. Expression of HDACs, 14-3-3, and CaMKIIB was observed with anti-FLAG, anti-Myc, and anti-HA antibodies, respectively. Signals were observed by confocal microscopy. The green panels represent staining for HDACs, and the red are for 14-3-3 or CaMKIIB. The yellow panels are the merged images, including 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining. This experiment was repeated twice in two independent sets of transfections.

View larger version (34K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIGURE 8. Specific inhibition of CaMKIIB represses Mef2 activity in primary cardiomyocytes. A, primary cardiomyocytes were transfected with the G5E1b-luciferase reporter and Gal-Mef2C-(1–465) and then treated with 2 µM of the CaMKII-specific inhibitor KN-93 or the inactive analogue KN-92. 48 h later, luciferase activity was measured in total cell lysates. This experiment was repeated twice in triplicate. B, primary cardiomyocytes were transfected with a CaMKIIB expression vector and increasing concentrations of CaMKIIB siRNA or control siRNA. 48 h after transfection, total cell lysates were prepared, and CaMKIIB protein levels were determined by Western blot analysis using an HA antibody. The membrane was then stripped and reprobed with a GAPDH antibody. C, primary cardiomyocytes were transfected with CaMKIIB siRNA or control siRNA. 48 h later, total RNA was extracted, and endogenous CaMKIIB levels were determined by reverse transcription-PCR analysis. GAPDH-specific primers were used to ensure equal amounts of total RNA in each sample. D, primary cardiomyocytes were co-transfected with the G5E1b-luciferase reporter, Gal-Mef2C-(1–465) and siRNA against CaMKIIBor control siRNA. 48 h later, luciferase activity was measured in total cell lysates. E, primary cardiomyocytes were transfected with the 3xMef2-luciferase reporter and siRNA against the B subunit of CaMKII or control siRNA. Luciferase activity was measured 48 h later in total cell lysates. These data are representative of at least three experiments performed in triplicate in independent cardiomyocyte preparations.

View larger version (68K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIGURE 9. Specific silencing of CaMKIIB by siRNA inhibits cardiac hypertrophy. A, primary cardiomyocytes were infected with a recombinant adenovirus expressing wild-type CaMKIIB and with a control Ad-GFP or increasing concentrations of Ad-CaMKIIB shRNA. 72 h post infection, CaMKIIB protein levels were measured in total cell lysates by Western blot analysis with an anti-HA antibody. Recombinant adenoviruses expressed a GFP marker, which was also measured in the lysates with an anti-GFP antibody. After stripping the membrane, -catenin levels were determined with a specific antibody. Duplicates of the extracts were analyzed by SDS-PAGE. The gels were stained with Coomassie Brilliant Blue to document equal protein loading in each sample (not shown). B and C, primary cardiomyocytes infected with a control Ad-GFP or Ad-CaMKIIB shRNA were maintained in serum-free media or in media supplemented with fetal bovine serum or 10 µM PE. 24–48 h later, the sarcomeres were visualized by indirect immunofluorescence with sarcomeric -actinin (B) antibody (red). ANF expression level (C) was measured with a specific antibody (red). Infected cells are GFP-positive and were visualized with a fluorescein isothiocyanate filter. D, primary cardiomyocytes infected with a control Ad-GFP or Ad-CaMKIIB shRNA were maintained in serum-free media or in media supplemented with PE. Endogenous -actinin protein levels were measured 48 h later in total cell extracts, as well as levels of -catenin, which serves as a loading control. These experiments were repeated twice in two independent cardiomyocyte preparations.

Our results also suggest that CaMKIIB is different from the cardiac enzyme activated in response to hypertrophic stimuli reported by Zhang and collaborators (26). That study suggested the existence of a kinase present in cardiac extracts and activated by hypertrophic signals, that phosphorylates the CaMK sites present in all three class II HDACs -4, -5, and 9. Our results show that the B isoform transmits signals preferentially to HDAC4. This conclusion is further supported by the observation that CaMKIIB can still phosphorylate an HDAC4 mutant with Ser-246 Ala mutation, whereas heart extracts from thoracic aorta-banded mice cannot phosphorylate GST-HDAC proteins in which the CaMK target sites (Ser-246 in HDAC4, Ser-259 in HDAC5, and Ser-218 in HDAC9) were mutated to alanine. Another difference between the cardiac enzyme and CaMKI/IV comes from the finding that the CaMKI- and CaMKIV-responsive domain in Mef2C is located in the MADS/Mef2 domain of the protein (28). Our results show that CaMKIIB stimulates the activity of Gal-Mef2C-(1–465) and Gal-Mef2C-(1–174), both of which contain the MADS and Mef2 domains. However, a deletion mutant lacking these regions Gal-Mef2C-(247–327) is still activated by the B isoform. This suggests the existence of another region in Mef2C that confers responsiveness to CaMKIIB. Studies aiming to determine the region(s) involved are also underway.

Selective Binding of CaMKIIBto HDAC4 and Differential Repression of Mef2 by HDAC4 and -5 in Cardiac Cells—To understand the physiological relevance of HDAC4 phosphorylation by CaMKIIB, and to validate the results of our in vitro study, we examined the ability of the kinase to bind HDAC4 and -5 in cells and to relieve Mef2 repression in cardiac cells. We found a preferential binding of the kinase to HDAC4 and a differential effect of HDAC4 and -5 on Mef2 activity in cardiomyocytes. These observations, together with our in vitro phosphorylation data, point toward HDAC4 as being a favorite substrate of the kinase.

The differential effect of the kinase on HDAC4 and -5 cannot be attributed to the different subcellular localization of the wild-type and the constitutive kinase. Although constitutively active CaMKIIB-T287D is expressed at very high levels in the cytoplasmic compartment, our data showed an equally strong binding of wild-type CaMKIIB to HDAC4. Furthermore, two additional active forms of the enzyme, CaMKIIB-T287D/S332A, which is strictly nuclear, and CaMKIIB-T287D/S332–335A, which is both nuclear and cytoplasmic, mimic the effect of the endogenous kinase. These findings strongly suggest that CaMKIIB transmits signals preferentially to HDAC4.

While this report was under consideration, Backs and collaborators also reported the selectivity of CaMKII for HDAC4 (38). Ser-467 and Ser-632 were identified as two amino acid residues targeted for phosphorylation by CaMKII. Phosphorylation of these amino acids allows binding of the chaperone protein 14-3-3 and the subsequent nuclear export of HDAC4. Our study provides clear evidence that Ser-210 is the third site targeted by nuclear CaMKIIB. This is substantiated by the observation that amino acids 207–311 in HDAC4 are highly phosphorylated in vitro and that mutation of Ser-210 in this fragment or within full-length HDAC4 impairs phosphorylation. Furthermore, overexpression of this mutant HDAC4 in cells decreased Mef2 activity. Although Ser-210 does not overlap with motifs similar to those targeted by 14-3-3 (RXX-SXP) we investigated the binding of this HDAC4 mutant to 14-3-3 by co-localization and co-immunoprecipitation experiments (data not shown). We found that mutation of Ser-210 alone is not sufficient to disrupt HDAC4/14-3-3 interaction upon CaMKIIB activation. Based on this, it is possible that other sites, like Ser-467 and Ser-632, might be required for HDAC4/14-3-3 interaction. Indeed, it has been reported that mutation of individual or even two 14-3-3 binding sites is not enough to abolish binding to HDAC4 (5). Based on this, binding and co-localization studies between 14-3-3 and HDAC4 where Ser-210, Ser-467, and Ser-632 are mutated in combination are in progress.

The study reported by Backs et al. shows interaction of HDAC4 with constitutively active CaMKIIB but not with the wild-type kinase. However, our data showed a clear interaction between HDAC4 and wild-type CaMKIIB. These discrepancies might be explained by different stringencies used for the immunoprecipitation experiments.

Our finding that HDAC4-S210A localizes in the cytoplasm when co-expressed with CaMKIIB seems contradictory to our co-activation data, which clearly showed that forced expression of CaMKIIB cannot rescue HDAC4-S210A-mediated repression of Mef2. A possible explanation is that phosphorylation of Ser-210 might alter the conformation of the molecule and subsequently alter the recruitment of other factor(s), which in turn lead to Mef2 silencing. Another possibility not necessarily exclusive is that the remaining nuclear HDAC4-S210A has stronger inhibitory potential than HDAC4.

CaMKIIB and Cardiac Growth—CaMKII is a multimeric enzyme and after alternative splicing (39) assembles in homo- or heteromultimers. Among the many splice variants of the subunit identified so far the B is the major nuclear cardiac isoform (20), (15). The existence of different isoforms of CaMK enzymes, as well as many splice variants that have different cellular localization and different ranges of expression in various tissues, suggests varying substrate specificity and a regulation of separate cellular functions. Our study supports the existence of such specificity with different HDAC kinases being activated during hypertrophic stimuli: CaMKIIB targets HDAC4 while other kinases would transmit signals to other class II HDACs.

Prior studies have linked CaMKII signaling to cardiac hypertrophy. Ectopic expression of the C isoform of CaMKII in mouse heart leads to dilated cardiomyopathy and heart failure (23). CaMKII inhibition in mice by expression of an inhibitory peptide prevents cardiac hypertrophy and myocardial infarction (40). Recently, CaMKII activation was shown to contribute to endothelin-1-mediated cardiac hypertrophy (41). Our experiments performed with siRNA and shRNA showed that specific reduction of the CaMKIIB isoform decreases Mef2 activity and blocks hypertrophy induced by serum or agonist treatment in primary cardiac cells. Furthermore, overexpression of CaMKIIB in mouse heart is associated with an increase in enzyme activity and triggers cardiac hypertrophy (22). These observations suggest that signaling mediated by the B isoform of CaMKII is critical to cardiac growth.

There is substantial evidence that hypertrophic stimuli converge toward HDAC4 but also toward HDAC5. An expression screen has recently revealed a broad range of molecules, including Mark2, EDG, and Rho (34), which transmit signals to several class II HDACs. However, selectivity has not been identified so far in heart muscle. Our study suggests that CaMKIIB has unique characteristics in that it preferentially targets HDAC4. Recently, several studies documenting the ability of CaMKII to transmit signals to both HDAC4 and -5 have been reported (41–43). However, none of these studies provide detailed phosphorylation and binding data. In addition, they were either performed in non-cardiac cells or involved the use of CaMKII inhibitors, which, although specific, do not distinguish between the different isoforms of CaMKII. Our study focused on phosphorylation events and brings compelling evidence for signals transmitted selectively through phosphorylation to HDAC4 by CaMKIIB. In light of these reports (41–43), one might envisage the possibility that CaMKIIB transmits signals to HDACs other than HDAC4 indirectly. Studies aiming to determine whether phosphorylation of class II HDACs by CaMKIIB influences their subcellular localization in cardiac cells and whether this event is also selective for HDAC4 are underway and should prove useful to further understand signaling transmitted by CaMKII. The selective phosphorylation of HDAC4 by CaMKIIB would allow the modulation of only a set of target genes and would result in the recruitment of different activators and repressors, resulting in high specificity of various signaling pathways. The existence of such specificity may prove useful to design therapeutic intervention for cardiac hypertrophy and failure.

	FOOTNOTES

 
^* This work was supported in part by Research Facilities Improvement Program Grants C06 RR014514-01, C06 RR10600-01, and C06 CA62528-01 from the National Center for Research Resources, National Institutes of Health (NIH). The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

The on-line version of this article (available at http://www.jbc.org) contains supplemental Figs. S1–S4.

¹ To whom correspondence should be addressed: Institute for Genetic Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar St., Los Angeles, CA 90033. Tel.: 323-442-2099; Fax: 323-442-2764; E-mail: poizat{at}usc.edu.

² The abbreviations used are: HDAC, histone deacetylase; Mef2, myocyte enhancer factor-2; CaMK, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase; siRNA, small interference RNA; HA, hemagglutinin; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; GFP, green fluorescent protein; CMV, cytomegalovirus; BisTris, 2-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-2-(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol; PE, phenylephrine; TRITC, tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate; shRNA, short hairpin RNA; Ad, adenovirus; BES, 2-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]ethanesulfonic acid; ANF, atrial natriuretic factor; GST, glutathione S-transferase.

	ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

 
We thank Joan Heller-Brown and Howard Schulman for generously providing CaMKII expression vectors. We are also very thankful to Eric Olson for providing vectors for GST-HDAC4, -5, and -9 fusion proteins. C. Poizat thanks Lucio Comai and Nunzio Bottini for valuable suggestions.

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TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

 

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