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Originally published In Press as doi:10.1074/jbc.M611840200 on March 9, 2007

J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 282, Issue 18, 13379-13384, May 4, 2007
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Characterization of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa Lol System as a Lipoprotein Sorting Mechanism*Formula

Shin-ya Tanaka, Shin-ichiro Narita, and Hajime Tokuda1

From the Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan

Received for publication, December 27, 2007 , and in revised form, March 9, 2007.


   ABSTRACT
TOP
 ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Escherichia coli lipoproteins are localized to either the inner or the outer membrane depending on the residue that is present next to the N-terminal acylated Cys. Asp at position 2 causes the retention of lipoproteins in the inner membrane. In contrast, the accompanying study (9) revealed that the residues at positions 3 and 4 determine the membrane specificity of lipoproteins in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Since the five Lol proteins involved in the sorting of E. coli lipoproteins are conserved in P. aeruginosa, we examined whether or not the Lol proteins of P. aeruginosa are also involved in lipoprotein sorting but utilize different signals. The genes encoding LolCDE, LolA, and LolB homologues were cloned and expressed. The LolCDE homologue thus purified was reconstituted into proteoliposomes with lipoproteins. When incubated in the presence of ATP and a LolA homologue, the reconstituted LolCDE homologue released lipoproteins, leading to the formation of a LolA-lipoprotein complex. Lipoproteins were then incorporated into the outer membrane depending on a LolB homologue. As revealed in vivo, lipoproteins with Lys and Ser at positions 3 and 4, respectively, remained in proteoliposomes. On the other hand, E. coli LolCDE released lipoproteins with this signal and transferred them to LolA of not only E. coli but also P. aeruginosa. These results indicate that Lol proteins are responsible for the sorting of lipoproteins to the outer membrane of P. aeruginosa, as in the case of E. coli, but respond differently to inner membrane retention signals.


   INTRODUCTION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Bacteria lipoproteins are anchored to either the inner or the outer membrane through acyl chains attached to the N-terminal Cys depending on the sorting signal (1). In Escherichia coli, the Asp residue at position 2 causes the retention of lipoproteins in the inner membrane, whereas other residues cause their outer membrane localization (2–4). Sorting of E. coli lipoproteins to the outer membrane is catalyzed by the Lol system (5) composed of five proteins, LolA through LolE. An ATP-binding cassette transporter LolCDE complex recognizes a newly synthesized outer membrane-directed lipoprotein on the periplasmic leaflet of the inner membrane and mediates the detachment of lipoproteins from the inner membrane in the presence of a periplasmic carrier protein, LolA. LolA forms a soluble complex with one molecule of lipoprotein and traverses the periplasmic space to reach a lipoprotein-specific outer membrane receptor, LolB. LolB, itself an outer membrane lipoprotein, receives a lipoprotein from LolA and then incorporates it into the outer membrane.

The role of Asp at position 2 in the lipoprotein sorting has been extensively studied, and it has been revealed that the Asp residue functions as a LolCDE avoidance signal because LolCDE does not recognize lipoproteins with Asp at position 2 (6). Subsequently, it was found that both the negative charge of the Asp residue and the positive charge of phosphatidylethanolamine are critical for the LolCDE avoidance (7). It was also found that LolCDE releases lipoproteins without recognizing the residue at position 2.

Lipoprotein sorting signals have been comprehensively characterized in E. coli (2–4, 8). It is now clear that E. coli lipoproteins are sorted to the outer membrane by default. Only Asp at position 2 actively functions as an intrinsic inner membrane retention signal (4). However, it was shown in the accompanying study (9) that lipoproteins of Pseudomonas aeruginosa are sorted according to the residues at positions 3 and 4. Here, we show that the five Lol proteins are responsible for the sorting of lipoproteins to the outer membrane of P. aeruginosa, as in the case of E. coli lipoproteins. Moreover, it is also shown that differences in lipoprotein sorting signals between E. coli and P. aeruginosa reflect differences in the properties of LolCDE.


   EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Materials—n-Dodecyl-beta-D-maltopyranoside (DDM)2 and sucrose monocaprate were purchased from Dojindo Laboratories (Kumamoto, Japan). E. coli phospholipids were obtained from Avanti%20Polar%20Lipids">Avanti Polar Lipids and washed with acetone as reported (10).

Bacterial Strains, Plasmids, Primers, and Media—The bacterial strains, plasmids, and primers used in this study are listed in supplemental Tables 1–3. P. aeruginosa strain PAO1 was a generous gift from Dr. Taiji Nakae (Tokai University). Bacteria were grown on LB medium (11). When required, carbenicillin, ampicillin, and chloramphenicol were added at concentrations of 100, 50, and 35 µg/ml, respectively.

Cloning of lol Genes from P. aeruginosa—The gene for His-tagged LolA was amplified from P. aeruginosa TNP072 (12) by PCR using primers lolA-Pae-1 and lolA-Pae-His-5 and then cloned into the EcoRI-SphI sites of pMAN885EH (13) to construct pPLOLA-His. pUCP-PLOLA-His was constructed by partial digestion of pPLOLA-His with EcoRI and HindIII followed by subcloning into the EcoRI-HindIII sites of pUCP20. The lolB gene was amplified from TNP072 by PCR using primers lolB-Pae-1 and lolB-Pae-2 and cloned into the EcoRI-HindIII sites of pMAN885EH to construct pPLOLB. pPLOLB2 was constructed by subcloning the lolB gene from pPLOLB into the EcoRI-HindIII sites of pTTQ18 (14). The DNA fragment encoding LolC, LolD, and LolE was amplified from TNP072 by PCR using primers lolC-Pae-1 and lolE-Pae-2 and then cloned into the EcoRI-HindIII sites of pMAN885EH to construct pPLOLCDE. An oligonucleotide encoding hexahistidine was inserted into the 3'-terminus of the lolD gene by PCR using primers Pae-lolD-His-f and Pae-lolD-His-r to construct pPLOLCDHE. Since expression of LolE from pPLOLCDHE was inefficient, a plasmid expressing LolE was constructed. A DNA fragment encoding LolE was amplified from TNP072 by PCR using primers lolE-Pae-1 and lolE-Pae-2 and then cloned into the EcoRI-HindIII sites of pTTQ18. A 1.3-kb fragment corresponding to the lolE gene was removed from pPLOLCDHE by digestion with StuI and HindIII, followed by self-ligation, to construct pPLOLCDH.

Construction of Plasmids Encoding Pal Derivatives—Plasmid pTAN21KS was constructed by site-directed mutagenesis of pTAN21 (15) with primers Pal(SKS)-1 and Pal(SKS)-2. pTAN21LI was constructed in the same way with primers Pal(SLI)-1 and Pal(SLI)-2.

Purification of LolA—P. aeruginosa PAO1 was transformed with pUCP-PLOLA-His encoding His-tagged PaLolA and then grown on LB at 37 °C. When the OD at 660 nm reached 0.2, expression of PaLolA was induced with 2 mM IPTG followed by cultivation for an additional 2 h. The cells were harvested, suspended in a buffer comprising 20 mM sodium phosphate (pH 7.2) and 200 mM MgCl2, and then subjected to cold-shock treatment by repeated incubation of the cell suspension alternately at 37 and 0 °C three times (16). The cell suspension was centrifuged at 10,000 x g for 10 min at 4 °C, and the supernatant fraction was centrifuged again at 100,000 x g for 60 min at 4 °C to obtain a soluble periplasmic fraction. After dialysis against 50 mM sodium phosphate (pH 7.2), His-tagged PaLolA in the periplasmic fraction was adsorbed to TALON resin (Clontech) and then eluted with the same buffer supplemented with 300 mM NaCl and 250 mM imidazole. The eluate containing PaLolA was dialyzed against 25 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5). EcLolA was purified from E. coli TT015 (17) transformed with pAM201 (18). A spheroplast supernatant was prepared as described previously (19), and His-tagged EcLolA was purified using TALON resin as described for PaLolA.

Purification of the LolCDE Complex—To purify the PaLolCDE complex containing His-tagged LolD, E. coli JM83 (20) was transformed with pPLOLCDH and pPLOLE and then grown on LB at 30 °C. When the OD at 660 nm reached 0.8, LolC, LolD-His, and LolE were induced with 0.2% arabinose and 20 µM IPTG followed by cultivation for an additional 2 h. A total membrane fraction was prepared after disruption of cells with a French pressure cell and then solubilized on ice for 30 min with 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5) containing 5 mM MgCl2, 1% DDM, 10% glycerol, and 2 mM ATP followed by centrifugation at 100,000 x g for 30 min. The PaLolCDE complex in the supernatant was adsorbed to TALON resin, which had been equilibrated with the same buffer supplemented with 10 mM imidazole, and then developed with a linear gradient of imidazole (10–250 mM). PaLolCDE was eluted at ~60 mM imidazole and then dialyzed against 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5) containing 0.01% DDM, 10% glycerol, and 2 mM ATP. The EcLolCDE complex containing His-tagged LolD was overproduced in JM83 harboring pKM301 and pKM402 (6) and purified with TALON resin in the presence of 2 mM ATP as reported previously (21).

Purification of Lipoproteins—Wild-type Pal was overexpressed in JM83 carrying pTAN21 (15). Pal derivatives were expressed in JC7752 ({Delta}pal) (22) transformed with pTAN26 (15), pTAN21KS, pTAN21LI, or pTPH21 (23). Pal and its derivatives were purified as described previously (24). His-tagged MexA was expressed in JM83 carrying pUCP-MEXA-His (9). Total membrane fractions were solubilized on ice for 30 min with 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5) containing 2% sucrose monocaprate followed by centrifugation at 100,000 x g for 30 min. MexA in each supernatant was adsorbed to TALON resin, which had been equilibrated with 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5) containing 2% sucrose monocaprate, and then developed with a linear gradient of imidazole (0–250 mM). MexA was eluted at ~50 mM imidazole and then dialyzed against 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5) supplemented with 2% sucrose monocaprate.

Release of Lipoproteins from Proteoliposomes—EcLolCDE (1 µg) or PaLolCDE (5 µg) was incubated for 1 min on ice with 0.8 mg of E. coli phospholipids and 2 µg of lipoproteins in 100 µl of 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5) containing 5 mM MgSO4 and 1.2% sucrose monocaprate. The mixture was diluted with 900 µl of 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5) containing 5 mM MgSO4 and 100 mM NaCl and then dialyzed against 2,000 ml of the same buffer at 4 °C overnight. Reconstituted proteoliposomes were collected by centrifugation at 100,000 x g for 2 h at 4°C and then subjected to the lipoprotein release assay at 30 °C for 20 min in the presence of 4 µg of LolA and 2 mM ATP as reported previously (25). Where specified, sodium orthovanadate was added to the reaction mixture at 5 mM. The reaction mixtures were fractionated into proteoliposomes and supernatants by centrifugation at 100,000 x g for 2 h at 4°C. Lipoproteins in the precipitates and supernatants were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting. Formula of the precipitated material, and 1/3 of the supernatant material was applied to the gel.

LolB-dependent Incorporation of Lipoproteins into Membranes—LolB-depleted outer membranes were prepared from E. coli KT60 ({Delta}lolB) harboring pYKT123, which encodes a soluble periplasmic variant of LolB.3 PaLolB-containing outer membranes were prepared from KT60 harboring pYKT123 and pPLOLB2 encoding PaLolB. The outer membrane fractions containing PaLolB were diluted 18-fold with the LolB-depleted outer membrane fraction to give the same amount of PaLolB as that of EcLolB in the outer membrane fraction prepared from E. coli JC7752. Pal-LolA complexes were prepared by means of release assays performed with proteoliposomes and mixed with specified outer membrane fractions followed by incubation for 30 min at 30 °C. The reaction mixtures were centrifuged at 100,000 x g for 60 min at 4 °C. The precipitate and supernatant fractions were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting with anti-His antiserum.

ATPase Activity Assay—ATP hydrolysis by proteoliposomes reconstituted with EcLolCDE or PaLolCDE was determined as described previously (6). The amounts of inorganic phosphate were determined according to the reported method (26).

Other Techniques—SDS-PAGE was carried out as described (27). Western blotting was performed as described (19). Anti-His tag antiserum was raised in rabbits against purified hexahistidine-tagged RpmJ protein (28). Anti-Pal (29) antiserum was raised in rabbits against the purified protein.


   RESULTS
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Cloning and Purification of Lol Proteins from P. aeruginosa—To examine the sorting mechanism for P. aeruginosa lipoproteins in vitro, we cloned the genes for the Lol proteins of this bacterium. The PA2614 locus encodes a P. aeruginosa LolA homologue (PaLolA) comprising 208 amino acids, which contains the N-terminal signal peptide and the mature region. PaLolA exhibits 34% sequence identity with E. coli LolA. The gene encoding PaLolA was engineered to have a His tag at the C terminus and then cloned into P. aeruginosa PAO1 cells. PaLolA was then purified to homogeneity from the periplasm by metal affinity chromatography for His-tagged proteins (Fig. 1A). The N-terminal sequence of the purified protein was DDSAAVQRLT, indicating that the signal peptide was cleaved after the residue at position 21 of the PaLolA precursor. The PA2988, PA2987, and PA2986 loci constitute a possible transcriptional unit and encode proteins homologous to E. coli LolC, LolD, and LolE, the sequence identities being 38, 61, and 37%, respectively. The three proteins are hereafter referred to as PaLolC, PaLolD, and PaLolE. The chromosomal region encoding PaLolC and PaLolD was cloned into a plasmid under the araBAD promoter. A sequence was added to express PaLolD with a His tag at the C terminus. The region encoding PaLolE was cloned into another plasmid under the tac promoter. These plasmids were introduced into E. coli JM83, and then expression of PaLolC, PaLolD-His, and PaLolE was induced by the addition of arabinose and IPTG. PaLolC and PaLolE were co-purified with His-tagged PaLolD by metal affinity chromatography from membranes solubilized with DDM, indicating that these proteins form a complex as in the case of the E. coli LolCDE complex (25). Interestingly, the subunit composition of the purified complex varied with the concentration of IPTG that was added to induce PaLolE (Fig. 1B). When cells were grown in the presence of 0.2% arabinose with no IPTG, PaLolC was co-purified with PaLolD-His, indicating that the two proteins directly interact with each other. In contrast, when 1 mM IPTG was added in the presence of 0.2% arabinose, only PaLolE was co-purified with PaLolD-His, although PaLolC was expressed, suggesting that excess PaLolE excluded PaLolC from the complex. The LolCDE complex of E. coli is composed of one molecule each of LolC and LolE and two copies of LolD (25). The PaLolCDE complex with the same subunit stoichiometry was purified from cells grown in the presence of 0.2% arabinose and 20 µM IPTG (Fig. 1B). Since both PaLolC and PaLolE were required for the reconstituted activity (see below), the PaLolCDE complex was overproduced in the presence of 0.2% arabinose and 20 µM IPTG. PaLolCDE and E. coli LolCDE (EcLolCDE) were purified to homogeneity (Fig. 1C) and then reconstituted into proteoliposomes with E. coli phospholipids, whose compositions were essentially the same as those in P. aeruginosa (data not shown). PaLolCDE exhibited ATPase activity, 4.0 mol of ATP hydrolyzed/mol/min, that was sensitive to orthovanadate. On the other hand, the activity of EcLolCDE (11.6 mol of ATP hydrolyzed/mol/min) was 3-fold higher than that of PaLolCDE (Fig. 2).


Figure 1
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  		FIGURE 1.
Purification of Lol proteins of P. aeruginosa. A, purified His-tagged EcLolA (lane 1) and PaLolA (lane 2), each at 0.5 µg, were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and then stained with Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB). The migration positions of molecular mass markers are indicated. B, the PaLolCDE complex was expressed in E. coli JM83 in the presence of various concentrations of IPTG and 0.2% arabinose. Total membrane fractions were solubilized, and His-tagged LolD was adsorbed to a metal affinity resin followed by elution with imidazole as described under "Experimental Procedures." The eluates were analyzed by SDS-PAGE followed by staining with CBB. C, the purified EcLolCDE (lane 1) and PaLolCDE (lane 2) complexes were analyzed by SDS-PAGE followed by staining with CBB.

 
Reconstitution of the Lipoprotein-releasing Apparatus of P. aeruginosa—To examine the lipoprotein-releasing activity, PaLolCDE or EcLolCDE was reconstituted into proteoliposomes together with E. coli outer membrane lipoprotein Pal followed by incubation with either PaLolA or EcLolA. The efficiency of lipoprotein release from proteoliposomes is generally low because the orientation of the reconstituted proteins is random, which leaves a major fraction of lipoproteins incompetent as to release (6, 25). Nevertheless, reconstitution of LolCDE revealed important aspects of the lipoprotein release reaction (6, 7, 21). As shown in Fig. 3A, PaLolCDE released Pal from proteoliposomes in the presence of PaLolA in orthovanadate-sensitive and ATP-dependent manners, indicating that PaLolCDE and PaLolA are functional homologues of the respective E. coli Lol proteins. The amount of PaLolCDE required to detect the Pal release was 5-fold higher than that of EcLolCDE. EcLolCDE released Pal in the presence of not only EcLolA but also PaLolA, whereas PaLolCDE only released Pal in the presence of PaLolA. It is not clear at present whether this difference is caused by more specific subunit interaction of PaLol proteins or simply by lower activity of PaLolCDE.


Figure 2
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  		FIGURE 2.
ATPase activity of the P. aeruginosa LolCDE complex. ATP hydrolysis by proteoliposomes reconstituted with 20 µg each of EcLolCDE (left panel) and PaLolCDE (right panel) was examined in the presence (open squares) or absence (filled squares) of 5 mM orthovanadate.

 
It has been shown in E. coli that a water-soluble complex formed between LolA and a lipoprotein released by LolCDE represents the physiological intermediate of the lipoprotein release reaction (5). LolA efficiently transports hydrophobic lipoproteins through the hydrophilic periplasm to LolB on the outer membrane, and then LolB incorporates lipoproteins into the outer membrane. We next examined the outer membrane incorporation of Pal released by PaLolCDE in the presence of PaLolA. P. aeruginosa chromosomal locus PA4668 encodes a putative outer membrane lipoprotein exhibiting 27% amino acid identity to E. coli LolB (EcLolB). This LolB homologue of P. aeruginosa (PaLolB) was overexpressed in the E. coli {Delta}lolB strain, and an outer membrane fraction was prepared. When the supernatant obtained after the release reaction performed with PaLolCDE and PaLolA was mixed with the outer membrane fraction containing PaLolB, Pal was recovered in the membrane fraction, whereas PaLolA remained in the supernatant (Fig. 3B), indicating that Pal was transferred from the Pal-PaLolA complex to the outer membrane containing PaLolB. In contrast, Pal remained in the supernatant together with PaLolA when the outer membrane containing EcLolB was used. In contrast to the heterologous release reaction with EcLolCDE and PaLolA (Fig. 3A), EcLolA did not transfer Pal to PaLolB, suggesting that the specificity of the interaction between LolA and LolB is strict. Taken together, these results establish that the PaLol system mediates the transfer of lipoproteins from the inner to the outer membrane. Neither the PaLolC/D complex nor the PaLolD/E complex purified in the absence and presence of IPTG, respectively (Fig. 4A), supported PaLolA-dependent release of Pal from proteoliposomes (Fig. 4B). Thus, both PaLolC and PaLolE are required for the lipoprotein-releasing activity.


Figure 3
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  		FIGURE 3.
Reconstitution of the lipoprotein-releasing apparatus with purified Lol proteins of P. aeruginosa (Pa). A, E. coli (Ec) lipoprotein Pal (2 µg) was reconstituted into proteoliposomes together with 1 µg of EcLolCDE or 5 µg of PaLolCDE as described under "Experimental Procedures." The release of Pal was examined in the presence of 4 µg of EcLolA or PaLolA with or without ATP and/or orthovanadate (Vi). The reaction mixtures were separated into proteoliposomes (P) and supernatants (S) by centrifugation. Pal in each fraction was analyzed by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting. B, LolB-dependent incorporation of Pal into outer membranes was examined. To prepare the Pal-LolA complex, Pal was released from proteoliposomes reconstituted with EcLolCDE in the presence of EcLolA or from proteoliposomes reconstituted with PaLolCDE in the presence of PaLolA. The supernatant containing the Pal-EcLolA or Pal-PaLolA complex was obtained by centrifugation and then incubated for 30 min at 30 °C with the E. coli outer membrane fraction containing either EcLolB or PaLolB neither EcLo1B nor PaLo1B. After separation into precipitates and supernatants by ultracentrifugation, LolA and Pal in each fraction were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting with anti-His tag antiserum.

 
Sorting of Lipoproteins by the PaLolCDE Complex—To determine in vitro whether or not the residues at positions 3 and 4 function as sorting signals for P. aeruginosa lipoproteins, PaLolCDE was reconstituted into proteoliposomes together with Pal derivatives having various combinations of residues at positions 2, 3, and 4 (Fig. 5A) followed by release assays with PaLolA. When EcLolCDE and EcLolA were used as controls, not only Pal(SLI) but also Pal(SKS) was released (Fig. 5B), confirming that Ser2 does not retain lipoproteins in the inner membrane of E. coli. In marked contrast, when PaLolCDE and PaLolA were used, Pal(SLI) was released, whereas Pal(SKS) was not (Fig. 5B). Furthermore, we also examined the release of MexA and found that it was released by the EcLol system but not the PaLol system. These results agree well with the in vivo localization of MexA in E. coli and P. aeruginosa (10). It is therefore clear that the residues at positions 3 and 4 function as lipoprotein sorting signals in P. aeruginosa but not in E. coli. It is concluded that the PaLol system functions to localize lipoproteins to the outer membrane as the EcLol system does but that their sorting mechanisms are not identical.


Figure 4
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  		FIGURE 4.
Both PaLolC and PaLolE are required for the lipoprotein release activity. A, E. coli JM83 cells harboring pPLOLCDH and pPLOLE were grown in the presence of 0.2% arabinose and 20 µM IPTG (lane 1), no IPTG (lane 2), or 1 mM IPTG (lane 3). Aliquots (0.5 µg) of PaLolCDE (lane 1), PaLolCD (lane 2), and PaLolDE (lane 3) thus purified from the respective total membrane fractions were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and CBB staining. B, the indicated Pal derivatives were reconstituted with 5 µg of PaLolCDE, PaLolCD, or PaLolDE and then subjected to release assays in the presence of PaLolA. P, precipitate; S, supernatant.

 
Although the residues at positions 3 and 4 determine the membrane specificity of lipoproteins in P. aeruginosa both in vivo and in vitro, Asp at position 2 also functions as an inner membrane retention signal in vivo (9). Consistent with the in vivo results, Pal(DSN) having Asp at position 2 remained in proteoliposomes reconstituted with not only EcLolCDE but also PaLolCDE (Fig. 5B), indicating that Asp at position 2 is the common inner membrane retention signal. The release of Pal(SLI) by PaLolCDE appeared to be more efficient than that of Pal. However, Pal(DLI) still remained in proteoliposomes reconstituted with PaLolCDE (data not shown), suggesting that Leu3-Ile4 does not abolish the inner membrane retention function of Asp at position 2.

Taking advantage of the heterologous release reaction involving EcLolCDE and PaLolA, we examined whether or not PaLolA distinguishes lipoprotein sorting signals. For this, proteoliposomes were reconstituted with EcLolCDE and Pal or one of its derivatives, Pal(DSN), Pal(SKS), or Pal(SLI), followed by the release assay in the presence of PaLolA. As shown in Fig. 5C, only Pal(DSN) remained in proteoliposomes, the other Pal derivatives including Pal(SKS) being released from proteoliposomes in a PaLolA-dependent manner, indicating that the lipoprotein sorting signals of the 3rd and 4th residues of P. aeruginosa lipoproteins only function against PaLolCDE, i.e. not PaLolA.


   DISCUSSION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
 
The lipoprotein sorting signals examined in vitro using purified Lol proteins revealed that both Asp2 and Lys3-Ser4 function as inner membrane retention signals for the PaLol system. In contrast, Lys3-Ser4 did not function as an inner membrane retention signal for the EcLol system. These lipoprotein sorting signals were found to only function against LolCDE, i.e. not LolA (Fig. 5C). Because E. coli phospholipids were used to reconstitute both PaLolCDE and EcLolCDE, differences in the properties of membrane phospholipids between the two bacteria, if any, cannot account for the differences in the sorting signals. Instead, the different properties of the two LolCDE complexes most likely caused the differences in the sorting signals.


Figure 5
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  		FIGURE 5.
Effects of the residues at positions 2, 3, and 4 on the release of lipoproteins by the EcLol system or PaLol system. A, the residues at positions 1–4 of the lipoproteins examined are shown. B, the indicated lipoproteins were released by either the EcLol system or the PaLol system, as described under "Experimental Procedures" and in the legend for Fig. 3. Ec, E. coli; Pa, P. aeruginosa. C, the indicated Pal derivatives and 5 µg of EcLolCDE were reconstituted into proteoliposomes. The release of Pal was examined in the presence of PaLolA.

 
It has been found in E. coli that phosphatidylethanolamine is critically important for the LolCDE avoidance function of Asp2 (7). Lipoproteins having Asp2 were therefore released from proteoliposomes reconstituted with EcLolCDE and cardiolipin alone. However, our preliminary experiments revealed that PaLolCDE did not release lipoproteins with Asp2 or Lys3-Ser4 even when proteoliposomes were reconstituted with cardiolipin alone.4 Therefore, it remains to be determined how Asp2 functions as an inner membrane retention signal for PaLolCDE. The release of one outer membrane-specific lipoprotein by EcLolCDE was competitively inhibited by an excess amount of another outer membrane-specific, but not inner membrane-specific, lipoprotein. The ATPase activity of EcLolCDE was stimulated by outer membrane-specific, but not inner membrane-specific, lipoproteins. These results indicated that inner membrane-specific lipoproteins with Asp2 do not act as substrates for EcLolCDE (6). Because of the technical difficulty in reconstituting proteoliposomes with PaLolCDE and a large amount of lipoproteins, we do not know whether or not inner membrane signals Asp2 and Lys3-Ser4 function as PaLolCDE avoidance signals.

The membrane-impermeable sulfhydryl reagent was inaccessible to Cys introduced to position 2 of lipoproteins, whereas it was accessible to Cys at positions 3 and 4 (7). It seems therefore likely that Asp2 and Lys3-Ser4 cause the retention of lipoproteins through different mechanisms. The periplasmic loops of PaLolC and/or PaLolE may be involved in the recognition of the retention signals at positions 3 and 4 of lipoproteins, whereas phospholipids may play an important role in the retention of lipoproteins with Asp2.

Asp2 is generally found in the inner membrane lipoproteins of E. coli, whereas the residues at positions 3 and 4 of P. aeruginosa inner membrane lipoproteins vary (9). For example, Glu3-Ala4 of MexX, a paralogue of MexA, also function as an inner membrane retention signal (9). We speculate that the secondary structure formed by these residues functions as a lipoprotein sorting signal.

We convincingly showed here that the PaLol system is involved in the lipoprotein sorting to the outer membrane of P. aeruginosa, as the EcLol system is. Five Lol proteins are highly conserved in the {gamma}-proteobacteria including E. coli and P. aeruginosa. Moreover, other classes of proteobacteria also possess Lol proteins, although the gene for LolE is missing (5). In these cases, the lipoprotein-releasing ATP-binding cassette transporters are probably composed of a homodimer of the LolC-LolD heterodimer. {alpha}-Proteobacteria apparently lack a gene for LolB, although they possess ones for LolCD and LolA. The outer membrane lipoproteins of these bacteria may be released from the inner membrane through a mechanism homologous to those in E. coli and P. aeruginosa but may be incorporated into the outer membrane through a different mechanism. It is not known whether or not lipoprotein sorting to the outer membrane in other Gram-negative bacteria is mediated by the Lol system. A recent report suggested that the sorting of Borrelia spirochaete lipoproteins to the outer surface of the outer membrane is mediated by a system other than the Lol system (30). Therefore, the lipoprotein sorting signals used in this bacterium are likely to be different from those used in E. coli and P. aeruginosa.


   FOOTNOTES
 
* This work was supported by grants from the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture of Japan (to H. T.). The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact. Back

Formula The on-line version of this article (available at http://www.jbc.org) contains three supplemental tables. Back

1 To whom correspondence should be addressed: Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan. Tel.: 81-3-5841-7830; Fax: 81-3-5841-8464; E-mail: htokuda{at}iam.u-tokyo.ac.jp.

2 The abbreviations used are: DDM, n-dodecyl-beta-D-maltopyranoside; CBB, Coomassie Brilliant Blue; IPTG, isopropyl-1-thio-beta-D-galactopyranoside. Back

3 J. Tsukahara, R. Tsurumizu, S. Narita, and H. Tokuda, manuscript in preparation. Back

4 S. Tanaka, S. Narita, and H. Tokuda, unpublished observation. Back


   ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
 
We thank Taiji Nakae for providing the P. aeruginosa strains and Rika Ishihara for the technical support.



   REFERENCES
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
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