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Originally published In Press as doi:10.1074/jbc.M701679200 on May 1, 2007

J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 282, Issue 25, 18129-18140, June 22, 2007
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Repulsive Guidance Molecule RGMa Alters Utilization of Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) Type II Receptors by BMP2 and BMP4*

Yin Xia{ddagger}, Paul B. Yu§, Yisrael Sidis, Hideyuki Beppu§, Kenneth D. Bloch§||1, Alan L. Schneyer2, and Herbert Y. Lin{ddagger}3

From the {ddagger}Program in Membrane Biology and the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, the §Cardiovascular Research Center, the Reproductive Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, and the ||Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114

Received for publication, February 26, 2007 , and in revised form, April 30, 2007.


   ABSTRACT
TOP
 ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are members of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily of multifunctional ligands that transduce their signals through type I and II serine/threonine kinase receptors and intracellular Smad proteins. Recently, we identified the glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored repulsive guidance molecules RGMa, DRAGON (RGMb), and hemojuvelin (RGMc) as coreceptors for BMP signaling (Babbit, J. L., Huang, F. W., Wrighting, D. W., Xia, Y., Sidis, Y., Samad, T. A., Campagna, J. A., Chung, R., Schneyer, A., Woolf, C. J., Andrews, N. C., and Lin, H. Y. (2006) Nat. Genet. 38, 531–539; Babbit, J. L., Zhang, Y., Samad, T. A., Xia, Y., Tang, J., Schneyer, A., Woolf, C. J., and Lin, H. Y. (2005) J. Biol. Chem. 280, 29820–29827; Samad, T. A., Rebbapragada, A., Bell, E., Zhang, Y., Sidis, Y., Jeong, S. J., Campagna, J. A., Perusini, S., Fabrizio, D. A., Schneyer, A. L., Lin, H. Y., Brivanlou, A. H., Attisano, L., and Woolf, C. J. (2005) J. Biol. Chem. 280, 14122–14129). However, the mechanism by which RGM family members enhance BMP signaling remains unknown. Here, we report that RGMa bound to radiolabeled BMP2 and BMP4 with Kd values of 2.4 ± 0.2 and 1.4 ± 0.1 nM, respectively. In KGN human ovarian granulosa cells and mouse pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells, BMP2 and BMP4 signaling required BMP receptor type II (BMPRII), but not activin receptor type IIA (ActRIIA) or ActRIIB, based on changes in BMP signaling by small interfering RNA inhibition of receptor expression. In contrast, cells transfected with RGMa utilized both BMPRII and ActRIIA for BMP2 or BMP4 signaling. Furthermore, in BmpRII-null pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells, BMP2 and BMP4 signaling was reduced by inhibition of endogenous RGMa expression, and RGMa-mediated BMP signaling required ActRIIA expression. These findings suggest that RGMa facilitates the use of ActRIIA by endogenous BMP2 and BMP4 ligands that otherwise prefer signaling via BMPRII and that increased utilization of ActRIIA leads to generation of an enhanced BMP signal.


   INTRODUCTION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs)4 are a large subfamily of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily of multifunctional ligands that regulate cell proliferation and differentiation, chemotaxis, and apoptosis. Members of the TGF-beta superfamily, including BMPs, transduce their signals through binding to type I and II serine/threonine kinase receptors. Upon ligand binding, constitutively active type II receptors phosphorylate type I receptors, which then phosphorylate receptor-activated Smad proteins. Activated receptor-activated Smad proteins complex with the common partner Smad4 and subsequently translocate to the nucleus to regulate gene transcription (reviewed in Refs. 1–3). There are only five type II receptors: BMP receptor type II (BMPRII); activin receptor type II (ActRIIA and ActRIIB); TGF-beta receptor type II; anti-müllerian hormone receptor type II; and seven type I receptors designated as activin receptor-like kinases (ALKs), including ALK1–ALK7. For the BMP ligands, three type II receptors (BMPRII, ActRIIA, and ActRIIB) and three type I receptors (ALK3, ALK6, and ALK2) have been identified, and these receptors transduce BMP signals through receptor-activated Smad1, Smad5, and Smad8.

Signaling by TGF-beta superfamily members, including BMPs, is modulated by extracellular secreted soluble binding proteins such as noggin, chordin, gremlin, and follistatin (3–6). Noggin is the best characterized BMP antagonist. It binds to BMP2 and BMP4 with an apparent Kd of ~20 pM and also binds to BMP5–BMP7, GDF5, and GDF6, but with lesser affinity (4–6). Recently, kielin/chordin-like protein has been described as a paracrine enhancer of BMP7 signaling (7). Another key regulatory mechanism for many TGF-beta superfamily members is mediated through membrane-anchored proteins that assist with ligand binding to receptor or that alter receptor specificity. For example, betaglycan (TGF-beta receptor type III) mediates TGF-beta2 binding to TGF-beta receptor type II (8) and also increases the affinity of inhibin for the activin and BMP type II receptors (9–11). Cripto, an epidermal growth factor-CFC (Cripto/FRL-1/Cryptic) motif-containing glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored membrane protein, mediates the binding of nodal and GDF1 to activin receptors (12).

We have shown recently that the repulsive guidance molecule (RGM) family members RGMa, DRAGON (RGMb), and hemojuvelin (RGMc) are coreceptors that enhance BMP signaling (13–15). RGM family members share 50–60% protein sequence homology and have similar structural features, including a signal sequence, conserved proteolytic cleavage site, partial von Willebrand factor type D domain, and glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor (16–19). RGMa and DRAGON are expressed in a complementary manner in the central nervous system, where DRAGON is involved in neuronal cell adhesion through homophilic interactions, whereas RGMa binds to the receptor neogenin and mediates retinotectal projections as well as neural tube closure (16, 17, 20). RGMa and DRAGON are also expressed in many other organs, including the kidney, testis, and ovary (14, 19, 21). Our recent work has shown that DRAGON is localized in gonadal germ cells as well as in epithelial cells of the reproductive tract, including the epididymis and uterus, and that DRAGON is localized in lipid rafts as predicted from the presence of a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor site (21). Hemojuvelin is expressed at high levels in the skeletal muscle, heart, and liver (22). It is mutated in juvenile hemochromatosis, a disorder of iron overload (23). Interestingly, hemojuvelin mutants associated with hemochromatosis have impaired BMP signaling ability. BMP-induced expression of hepcidin, a key regulator of systemic iron homeostasis, is enhanced by hemojuvelin and blunted in hemojuvelin-null hepatocytes (13).

The three RGM proteins bind directly to radiolabeled BMP2 and BMP4, but not to BMP7, activin, TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2, or TGF-beta3. RGM proteins enhance BMP signaling even in the absence of exogenous BMP ligands. Although we have obtained data suggesting that RGM proteins appear to mediate BMP signaling through the classical BMP pathway (13–15), the molecular mechanisms by which RGM family members enhance BMP signaling remain largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of action of RGMa using specific siRNA-mediated inhibition of endogenous BMP ligands and receptors. We found that RGMa has Kd values of 2.4 ± 0.2 nM for BMP2 and 1.4 ± 0.1 nM for BMP4 and that RGMa enhances BMP signaling by allowing BMP2 and BMP4 to increase their utilization of ActRIIA.


   EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Cell Culture and Transfection—KGN human ovarian granulosa cells were cultured in a 1:1 mixture of Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium and Ham's F-12 supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (Invitrogen), 2 mM L-glutamine, and antibiotics. Pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) were isolated from mice that were homozygous for a conditional BmpRII allele, and the BmpRII gene was disrupted as described previously (24). PASMCs were cultured in RPMI 1640 medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum, L-glutamine, and antibiotics. All transfections were performed with Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer's instructions.

Reverse Transcription (RT)-PCR—Total RNA was isolated from KGN cells and PASMCs using an RNeasy mini kit (Qiagen Inc.) including DNase by column digestion with an RNase-free DNase set (Qiagen Inc.) according to the manufacturer's instructions. First-strand cDNA synthesis was performed using an iScript cDNA synthesis kit (Bio-Rad) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Transcripts of BMP2, BMP4–BMP7, BMPRII, BmpRII, and Rgma were amplified using the primers summarized in Table 1. Transcripts of ActRIIA and ActRIIB were amplified using the primers previously described (25).


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  		TABLE 1
Sequences, expected product sizes, and GenBankTM accession numbers for the primers used in RT-PCR

Only primers that have not been published elsewhere are shown. h, human; m, mouse.

 
siRNA Targeting—siRNA duplexes in annealed and purified form were obtained from Ambion, Inc. (Austin, TX). Sense sequences of duplexes used for gene targeting are summarized in Table 2 for BMP2, BMP4, BMP6, BMPRII, ActRIIA, ActRIIB, Rgma, and Rgmb. Mouse BmpRII, ActRIIA, and ActRIIB siRNA sequences were described previously (24). siRNA duplexes were added at the concentrations indicated along with plasmids to subconfluent KGN cells or PASMCs in a mixture of Lipofectamine 2000 and Opti-MEM I (Invitrogen). Negative control siRNA (scrambled sequences) was used to balance siRNA where necessary. Assays to measure target mRNA levels, luciferase activity, or BMP-mediated Smad1/5/8 phosphorylation were performed ~46 h after transfection.


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  		TABLE 2
Sequences and GenBankTM accession numbers of siRNAs for human BMP ligands and type II receptors and mouse Rgma and Rgmb

Only siRNA sequences that have not been published elsewhere are shown.

 
Measurement of Gene Expression—Real-time quantification of mRNA transcripts was performed using an AB 7300 real-time system (Applied Biosystems). First-strand cDNA was amplified with the primers shown in Table 3 and detected using SYBR® Green PCR Master Mix (Applied Biosystems) according to the manufacturer's instructions. In parallel, RPL19 (ribosomal protein-like 19) or Rpl19 transcripts were amplified and detected in a similar manner to serve as an internal control (26). Standard curves were generated from accurately determined dilutions of plasmid cDNAs or purified PCR fragments as templates. Results are expressed as a ratio of the gene of interest to RPL19 or Rpl19.


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  		TABLE 3
Sequences, expected product sizes, and GenBankTM accession numbers for the primers used in real-time PCR

h, human; m, mouse.

 
Luciferase Assay—KGN cells or PASMCs were transiently transfected with a BMP-responsive firefly luciferase reporter (BRE-Luc) (27) or an activin-responsive firefly luciferase reporter ((CAGA)12MPL-Luc) (28) construct in combination with pTK-Renilla (Promega Corp., Madison, WI) at a ratio of 10:1 to control for transfection efficiency with or without cotransfection with siRNAs in the absence or presence of RGMa cDNA. Approximately 24 h after transfection, the medium was replaced with serum-free medium supplemented with 0.1% bovine serum albumin with or without BMP or activin ligands (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN). After treatment for 16 h, the cells were lysed, and luciferase activity was determined with the Dual-Reporter assay kits (Promega Corp.). Experiments were performed in triplicate wells. Relative light units were calculated as the ratios of firefly (reporter) and Renilla (transfection control) luciferase values.

Measurement of Smad1/5/8 Phosphorylation—KGN cells plated to 80% confluence were transiently transfected with BMPRII, ActRIIA, ActRIIB, or control siRNA; with RGMa cDNA; or with empty vector. 24 h after transfection, cells were replaced with serum-free medium supplemented with 0.1% bovine serum albumin. After starvation for 16 h, cells without RGMa cDNA transfection were incubated with 10 ng/ml BMP2 for 1 h at 37 °C. Cells were lysed in 20 mM Tris-HCl, 150 mM NaCl, 2 mM EDTA, and 0.1% Nonidet P-40 containing protease inhibitor mixture (Pierce) and phosphatase inhibitor mixture (Pierce) for 30 min on ice. After centrifugation for 10 min at 4 °C, the supernatant was assayed for protein concentration by colorimetric assay (BCA kit, Pierce). 30 µg of protein was separated by SDS-PAGE and transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride membranes. Membranes were probed with rabbit anti-phospho-Smad1/5/8 polyclonal antibody (1:1000 dilution; Cell Signaling Technology, Beverly, MA). Membranes were stripped in 0.2 M glycine (pH 2.5) and 0.5% Tween 20 for 10 min and reprobed with rabbit anti-Smad1 polyclonal antibody (1:1000 dilution; Upstate%20Biotechnology">Upstate Biotechnology, Lake Placid, NY), followed by horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody. Antibody binding was detected with chemiluminescence reagent (PerkinElmer Life Sciences) and exposed to X-Omat film (Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, NY). Densitometry was performed using IPLab Spectrum software (Scanalytics, Vienna, VA).

Ligand Iodination—Carrier-free human BMP2 and BMP4 were purchased from R&D Systems. Ligand (2 µg/reaction) was iodinated with 125I by the modified chloramine-T method as described previously (29).

Binding Assays—The RGMa-Fc fusion protein was produced by fusing the soluble extracellular domain of RGMa to the Fc portion of human IgG and was purified from the medium of stably transfected cells via one-step protein A affinity chromatography using HiTrap rProtein A FF columns (Amersham Biosciences) as described previously (14). Purified RGMa-Fc (20 ng) mixed in 1x Tris-buffered saline/casein blocking buffer (BioFX Laboratories, Owings Mills, MD) was incubated overnight at 4 °C with 125I-BMP2 or 125I-BMP4 and increasing doses of unlabeled BMP2 or BMP4 (R&D Systems). The reaction mixture was then incubated for 1.5 h at 4 °C on protein A-coated plates (Pierce); the plates were washed with wash solution (KPL, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD); and individual wells were counted with a standard {gamma}-counter. For mixing studies, buffer alone; purified RGMa-Fc alone (1 ng); ActRIIA-Fc alone (2 ng); a combination of ActRIIA-Fc and ALK3-Fc (R&D Systems); or a combination of RGMa-Fc, ActRIIA-Fc, and ALK3-Fc was incubated with 125I-BMP2, followed by incubation on protein A-coated plates and determination of radioactivity as described above.

Data Analysis—Results from luciferase assay experiments are expressed as the means ± S.E. of at least three replicates. For homologous binding assays, dissociation constants were determined by Scatchard analysis using Prism (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA). The Western blots shown in Fig. 6 are representative experiments, and the densitometry data represent the means ± S.E. of two replicates. Differences were assessed by Student's t test with p < 0.05 used to indicate significance.


   RESULTS
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
BMP2 and BMP4 Are Both Endogenous Ligands for RGMa in KGN Cells—We demonstrated previously that RGMa-Fc binds BMP2 and BMP4, but not BMP7 and TGF-beta1, and that RGMa-mediated BMP signaling can be inhibited by an antibody against both BMP2 and BMP4 (14). Therefore, it is possible that BMP2, BMP4, or both are endogenous ligands for RGMa. To further investigate ligands for the RGMa coreceptor, we screened KGN cells, which do not express RGMa (RT-PCR data not shown), by RT-PCR for expression of BMP2 and BMP4 and the closely related members BMP5–BMP7 (Fig. 1A). Among these ligands, only BMP2, BMP4, and BMP6 were detected in KGN cells. We then tested whether RGMa-induced BMP signaling is affected by siRNA-mediated specific inhibition of BMP2, BMP4, or BMP6. As shown in Fig. 1B, BMP2, BMP4, and BMP6 expression was specifically inhibited by the respective gene-specific siRNA duplexes (60 nM), with minimal effect on the expression of the other ligands. The siRNAs reduced BMP2, BMP4, and BMP6 mRNA expression levels by 80, 60, and 75%, respectively. KGN cells were transfected with BRE-Luc in combination with control, BMP2, BMP4, or BMP6 siRNA (60 nM) (Fig. 2A). As expected, transfection of KGN cells with RGMa increased BRE-Luc activity in a dose-dependent manner in the absence of exogenous ligands. Inhibition of BMP2 or BMP4 expression dramatically reduced RGMa-mediated BMP signaling. In contrast, inhibition of BMP6 expression did not change BRE-Luc activity induced by RGMa compared with control siRNA (Fig. 2A). RGMa-mediated BMP signaling was completely inhibited to below the basal levels by double inhibition of both BMP2 and BMP4 expression (Fig. 2B). These results demonstrate that BMP2 and BMP4 are both endogenous ligands for RGMa. Moreover, because inhibition of BMP2 and BMP4 expression abrogated the ability of RGMa to induce BRE-Luc activity, BMP2 and BMP4 are likely the sole endogenous ligands for the RGMa coreceptor in KGN cells.


Figure 1
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  		FIGURE 1.
Expression of BMP ligands BMP2 and BMP4–BMP7 in KGN cells and specificity and efficacy of siRNAs targeting BMP2, BMP4, and BMP6 expression. A, total RNA from KGN cells was extracted for RT-PCR to determine the expression of BMP2 and BMP4–BMP7. Purified plasmid cDNAs for these ligands were used in PCR analyses as positive controls. B, siRNAs (60 nM) derived from sequences of BMP2, BMP4, and BMP6 were employed to decrease their expression in KGN cells. mRNA levels were measured 46 h after cells were transfected with specific siRNA by quantitative real-time PCR, were normalized to RPL19 mRNA levels, and are expressed as a fraction of values from cells treated with negative control siRNA. The values shown are the means ± S.E. of triplicate measurements. BMP2 (si-BMP2)-, BMP4 (si-BMP4)-, and BMP6 (si-BMP6)-specific siRNAs reduced the expression of those genes by 80, 60, and 75% respectively.

 


Figure 2
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  		FIGURE 2.
siRNA-mediated specific inhibition of BMP2 and BMP4 expression attenuates the stimulation of BRE promoter activity induced by RGMa. A, impact of siRNA targeting of BMP2, BMP4, and BMP6 on RGMa-mediated BMP signaling. KGN cells were transfected with BRE-Luc and pRL-TK either alone or with increasing amounts of RGMa cDNA and in combination with control, BMP2 (si-BMP2), BMP4 (si-BMP4), or BMP6 (si-BMP6) siRNA (60 nM) for 46 h prior to measurement of luciferase activity. Luciferase values were normalized for transfection efficiency relative to Renilla activity. The values shown are the means ± S.E. of triplicate measurements. B, impact of combined BMP2 and BMP4 siRNAs on RGMa-mediated BMP signaling. KGN cells were transfected with BRE-Luc and pRL-TK either alone or with increasing amounts of RGMa cDNA and in combination with control, BMP2, or BMP4 siRNA or with BMP2 and BMP4 siRNAs (40 nM each). Control siRNA was used to equalize the total amount of siRNA.

 


Figure 3
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  		FIGURE 3.
Measurements of affinities for RGMa-Fc binding to BMP2 and BMP4. A and B, binding affinity of RGMa-Fc for BMP2 and BMP4, respectively. RGMa-Fc (20 ng) was incubated overnight with 100,000 counts of 125I-BMP2 or 125I-BMP4 in the presence of increasing amounts of nonradioactive ligands, followed by incubation on protein A-coated plates and determination of radioactivity. Scatchard analyses were performed for the homologous inhibition curves (insets). C and D, relative potency of RGMa-Fc for BMP2 and BMP4, respectively. Binding inhibition curves were generated for BMP2 and BMP4 with radiolabeled BMP2 (C) or BMP4 (D) and RGMa-Fc as the receptor. EC50 values were calculated using Prism and are shown in Table 4.

 
Next, we determined the affinities of RGMa for BMP2 and BMP4 by incubation of purified RGMa-Fc with 125I-BMP2 or 125I-BMP4 and increasing amounts of unlabeled BMP2 or BMP4. The representative experiments are shown in Fig. 3. The mean affinity of RGMa-Fc for BMP4 was 1.4 ± 0.1 nM, slightly higher than that for BMP2 (2.4 ± 0.2 nM) (Fig. 3, A and B). The relative potencies of BMP2 and BMP4 were also investigated for RGMa-Fc (Fig. 3, C and D; and Table 4). When BMP2 was the radioligand (Fig. 3C and Table 4), unlabeled BMP4 was ~5-fold more potent than unlabeled BMP2. When radiolabeled BMP4 was examined in this system (Fig. 3D and Table 4), unlabeled BMP4 was ~3-fold more potent than unlabeled BMP2.


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  		TABLE 4
Relative potency of RGMa-Fc for BMP2 and BMP4

Binding inhibition curves were generated for BMP2 and BMP4 with radiolabeled BMP2 or BMP4 and RGMa-Fc as the receptor as demonstrated in Fig. 3. Potencies were calculated relative to BMP2 competing with iodinated BMP2. EC50 values are the means ± S.E.

 
RGMa-mediated BMP Signaling Is Reduced by Inhibition of Either ActRIIA or BMPRII Expression—Our previous study demonstrated that RGMa-mediated BMP signaling occurs via the BMP type I receptors ALK3 and ALK6 (14). To investigate the utilization of BMP type II receptors by RGMa, we first screened KGN cells for expression of BMPRII, ActRIIA, and ActRIIB by RT-PCR. As shown in Fig. 4A, all three type II receptors were expressed. The expression of the three receptors was selectively reduced by 80–90% with the introduction of specific siRNAs (40 nM) (Fig. 4B). We then examined whether or not inhibition of endogenous type II receptors affects RGMa-mediated stimulation of BRE-Luc activity. As expected, treatment of KGN cells with BMP2 (10 ng/ml) increased BRE-Luc activity to 5.8-fold above the base line (Fig. 5A). This stimulation was dramatically reduced by BMPRII-specific siRNA to only 1.5-fold above the base line (p < 0.01), but was not reduced by ActRIIA-or ActRIIB-specific siRNA. Similar data were observed when cells were treated with BMP4 (Fig. 5B). These results suggest that, in KGN cells, BMP2 and BMP4 signaling is primarily transduced by BMPRII and not by ActRIIA or ActRIIB.

When KGN cells were transfected with RGMa cDNA, BRE-Luc activity increased to 3.4-fold above the base line (Fig. 5C). This stimulation was reduced to 1.7- and 1.2-fold above the base line by BMPRII- and ActRIIA-specific siRNAs, respectively (p < 0.05 for both). RGMa-mediated BRE-Luc activity was not altered by inhibition of ActRIIB expression. As a control, activin A-induced CAGA-Luc activity was diminished by either ActRIIA or ActRIIB inhibition, but not by BMPRII inhibition (Fig. 5D), indicating that the ActRIIA and ActRIIB siRNAs were effective. These results suggest that BMPRII and ActRIIA are both utilized to transduce BMP2 and BMP4 signaling in the presence of the RGMa coreceptor, indicating that RGMa enhances the utilization of ActRIIA by BMP2 and BMP4.

We also examined the effects of inhibition of BMPRII, ActRIIA, and ActRIIB on RGMa-induced Smad1/5/8 activation (Fig. 6). BMP2 treatment increased phospho-Smad1/5/8 levels compared with unstimulated cells (Fig. 6, A and B). BMP2-induced phospho-Smad1/5/8 levels were dramatically reduced by BMPRII inhibition, but were not altered by ActRIIA or ActRIIB inhibition. Transfection with RGMa cDNA increased phospho-Smad1/5/8 levels compared with transfection with control siRNA alone (Fig. 6, A and B). Phospho-Smad1/5/8 levels were reduced by BMPRII- or ActRIIA-specific siRNA. ActRIIB siRNA transfection did not affect RGMa-induced increases in phospho-Smad1/5/8 levels. Thus, activation of Smad1/5/8 corroborated results obtained with luciferase reporter assays.


Figure 4
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  		FIGURE 4.
Expression of BMP type II receptors in KGN cells and specificity and efficacy of siRNAs targeting human BMPRII, ActRIIA, and ActRIIB expression. A, total RNA from KGN cells was extracted for RT-PCR to determine the expression of human BMPRII, ActRIIA, and ActRIIB. beta-Actin was used as a control for cDNA quality, and reactions without cDNA were used as negative controls. B, siRNA-mediated specific inhibition of human BMPRII, ActRIIA, and ActRIIB expression. siRNAs (40 nM) derived from sequences of BMPRII, ActRIIA, and ActRIIB were employed to decrease their expression in KGN cells. mRNA levels were measured 46 h after cells were transfected with specific siRNA by quantitative real-time PCR, were normalized to RPL19 mRNA levels, and are expressed as a fraction of values from cells treated with control siRNA. The values shown are the means ± S.E. of triplicate measurements. BMPRII (si-BMPRII)-, ActRIIA (si-ActRIIA)-, and ActRIIB (si-ActRIIB)-specific siRNAs reduced the expression of those genes by 80–90%.

 
Inhibition of Endogenous Rgma Expression Attenuates BMP2 Signaling in BmpRII-null Mouse PASMCs—To further examine the role of RGMa in the utilization of ActRIIA by BMP2 and BMP4, we used BmpRII-null PASMCs derived from Bmpr2flox/flox mice as described previously (24). As expected, BmpRII mRNA was easily detected by RT-PCR in wild-type PASMCs, but in BmpRII knock-out cells (Fig. 7A). Consistent with previous findings (24), BMP2 signaling was diminished in BmpRII-null cells compared with wild-type PASMCs (Fig. 7B).


Figure 5
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  		FIGURE 5.
Impact of siRNA targeting of BMPRII, ActRIIA, and ActRIIB on BMP2 and BMP4 signaling and RGMa-mediated BMP signaling in KGN cells. A and B, impact of siRNA targeting of BMPRII, ActRIIA, and ActRIIB on BMP2 and BMP4 signaling, respectively. KGN cells were transfected with the BRE-Luc reporter and the pRL-TK Renilla luciferase vector in combination with control siRNA or siRNA specific for BMPRII (si-BMPRII), ActRIIA (si-ActRIIA), or ActRIIB (si-ActRIIB) (40 nM). Transfected cells were then incubated in the absence or presence of 10 ng/ml BMP2 (A) or 10 ng/ml BMP4 (B). Luciferase activity was measured in cell extracts and normalized for transfection efficiency relative to Renilla activity. The values shown are the means ± S.E. of triplicate experiments. C, impact of siRNA targeting of BMPRII, ActRIIA, and ActRIIB on RGMa-mediated BMP signaling. KGN cells were transfected with BRE-Luc and pRL-TK in combination with control siRNA or siRNA specific for BMPRII, ActRIIA, or ActRIIB (40 nM) and in the absence or presence of RGMa cDNA (4 ng) for 46 h prior to measurement of luciferase activity. D, impact of siRNA targeting of BMPRII, ActRIIA, and ActRIIB on activin A signaling. KGN cells were transfected with CAGA-Luc and pRL-TK in combination with control siRNA or siRNA specific for BMPRII, ActRIIA, or ActRIIB (40 nM). Transfected cells were then incubated in the absence or presence of 20 ng/ml activin A. *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01 versus controls with treatments.

 


Figure 6
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  		FIGURE 6.
Impact of siRNA targeting of BMPRII, ActRIIA, and ActRIIB on BMP2-induced and RGMa-mediated Smad1/5/8 activation. A, KGN cells were transfected with control siRNA or siRNA specific for BMPRII (si-BMPRII), ActRIIA (si-ActRIIA), or ActRIIB (si-ActRIIB) (40 nM) either alone (upper panels) or in combination with 20 ng RGMa cDNA (lower panels). 30 h after transfection, cells were incubated in serum-free medium supplemented with 0.1% bovine serum albumin. Cells without RGMa transfection (upper panels) were then incubated in the absence (first lane) or presence (second through fifth lanes) of 20 ng/ml BMP2 for 1 h. Cell lysates were analyzed by Western blotting with anti-phospho-Smad1/5/8 antibody and anti-Smad 1 antibody (used as a loading control). B, Western blot chemiluminescence from two experiments was quantified using IPLab Spectrum software for phosphorylated (p) Smad1/5/8 relative to Smad1 expression.

 
We then examined the utilization of type II receptors by BMP2 ligand and the RGMa coreceptor in BmpRII-null PASMCs using previously validated siRNA (24) specific for mouse BmpRII, ActRIIA, or ActRIIB (20 nM). Exogenous BMP2 increased BRE-Luc activity to 4.7-fold above the base line (Fig. 7C). As predicted from the lack of BmpRII, BmpRII siRNA transfection did not affect BMP2-induced luciferase activity. The stimulation in BRE-Luc activity by BMP2 was reduced by inhibition of ActRIIA expression to below the basal levels. Inhibition of ActRIIB expression did not affect activation of the BRE-Luc reporter by BMP2. These results confirm the previous finding that ActRIIA is the type II receptor transducing BMP2 or BMP4 signals in BmpRII knock-out PASMCs (24). Transfection of BmpRII-null PASMCs with RGMa cDNA increased BRE-Luc activity to 3.9-fold above the base line (Fig. 7D). This stimulation was completely blocked by inhibition of ActRIIA-specific siRNA. Transfection of BMPRII or ActRIIB siRNA had no effect. These results suggest that RGMa exclusively uses ActRIIA in BmpRII-null PASMCs to mediate BMP2 or BMP4 signaling.


Figure 7
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  		FIGURE 7.
Impact of siRNA targeting of mouse BmpRII, ActRIIA, and ActRIIB on BMP2-induced and transfected RGMa-mediated BMP signaling in BmpRII-null PASMCs. A, BmpRII expression in wild-type (WT) and BmpRII knock-out (KO) PASMCs. Total RNA was extracted from wild-type and BmpRII knock-out PASMCs cells for RT-PCR to determine the expression of mouse BmpRII. beta-Actin was used as a control for cDNA quality, and reactions without cDNA were used as negative controls. B, BMP2 signaling is diminished in BmpRII knock-out cells compared with wild-type PASMCs. Wild-type and BmpRII knock-out PASMCs were transfected with BRE-Luc and pRL-TK. Transfected cells were then incubated in the absence or presence of 50 ng/ml BMP2. The values shown are the means ± S.E. of triplicate measurements. C, impact of BmpRII, ActRIIA, and ActRIIB siRNAs on BMP2 signaling in BmpRII-null PASMCs. Cells were transfected with BRE-Luc and pRL-TK in combination with control siRNA or siRNA specific for BmpRII (si-BMPRII), ActRIIA (si-ActRIIA), or ActRIIB (si-ActRIIB) (20 nM). Transfected cells were then incubated in the absence or presence of 30 ng/ml BMP2. Luciferase activity was measured in cell extracts and normalized for transfection efficiency relative to Renilla activity. D, impact of siRNA targeting of BmpRII, ActRIIA, and ActRIIB on BMP signaling mediated by transfected RGMa in BmpRII-null PASMCs. Cells were transfected with BRE-Luc and pRL-TK in combination with control, BmpRII, ActRIIA, or ActRIIB siRNA (20 nM) and in the absence or presence of Rgma cDNA (10 ng) for 46 h prior to measurement of luciferase activity. *, p < 0.05 versus wild-type PASMCs; ***, p < 0.001 versus controls with treatments.

 


Figure 8
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  		FIGURE 8.
Impact of siRNA targeting of mouse Rgma on BMP2 signaling in BmpRII-null and wild-type PASMCs. A, expression of Rgma in wild-type (WT) and BmpRII knock-out (KO) PASMCs. Total RNA from wild-type and knock-out PASMCs was extracted for RT-PCR to determine the expression of mouse Rgma. Reactions without cDNA were used as negative controls. B, siRNA-mediated inhibition of mouse Rgma expression. Two siRNA sequences (40 nM) derived from sequences of mouse Rgma were employed to decrease Rgma expression in BmpRII-null cells. mRNA levels were measured 46 h after siRNA transfection by quantitative real-time PCR, were normalized to Rpl19 mRNA levels, and are expressed as a fraction of values from cells treated with control siRNA. The values shown are the means ± S.E. of triplicate measurements. Rgma siRNA-1 (si-RGMA#1) and Rgma siRNA-2 (si-RGMA#2) reduced the expression by 70 and 80%, respectively. C and D, impact of siRNA targeting of Rgma on BMP2 or BMP7 signaling, respectively, in BmpRII-null cells. BmpRII knock-out cells were transfected with BRE-Luc and pRL-TK in combination with control siRNA, Rgma siRNA-1, Rgma siRNA-2, or ActRIIA siRNA (si-ActRIIA) (40 nM). Cells were then treated with or without 30 ng/ml BMP2 (C) or 50 ng/ml BMP7 (D) for 16 h prior to measurement of luciferase activity. E, impact of siRNA targeting of Rgma on BMP2 signaling in wild-type PASMCs. Cells were transfected with BRE-Luc and pRL-TK in combination with control siRNA, Rgma siRNA-1, Rgma siRNA-2, or ActRIIA siRNA (40 nM). Cells were then treated with or without BMP2 (20 ng/ml) for 16 h prior to measurement of luciferase activity. *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, < 0.001 versus controls with treatments.

 
By RT-PCR, we found that Rgma mRNA was expressed in both wild-type and BmpRII-null PASMCs (Fig. 8A). The expression levels of Rgma mRNA were similar between the wild-type and BmpRII-null cells as determined by quantitative real-time PCR (data not shown). We then tested whether BMP2 signaling is affected by siRNA-mediated inhibition of endogenous Rgma in BmpRII-null cells. As shown in Fig. 8B, the two siRNA sequences (40 nM) reduced Rgma mRNA expression levels by 70 and 80%, respectively. Treatment of BmpRII-null PASMCs with BMP2 increased BRE-Luc activity to 4.9-fold above the base line (Fig. 8C). This stimulation was significantly reduced to 3.3- and 2.8-fold above the base line by the two Rgma siRNAs, respectively (p < 0.05 for both) (Fig. 8C). As a control, BMP2 signaling in BmpRII-null cells was completed blocked by ActRIIA siRNA (Fig. 8C). Similar results were seen when cells were treated with BMP4 (data not shown). BRE-Luc activity induced by BMP7, a ligand that does not bind RGMa (14), was not affected by the two Rgma siRNAs, although it was abolished by ActRIIA siRNA (Fig. 8D). In wild-type PASMCs (Fig. 8E), BMP2 signaling was not significantly affected by inhibition of Rgma using the two siRNA sequences. As a control, BMP2 signaling was dramatically reduced by BmpRII siRNA as reported previously (24). These results suggest that ActRIIA is used by endogenous RGMa to enhance BMP2 or BMP4 signaling in the absence of BMPRII and that this function is less critical in the presence of BMPRII.

In addition to Rgma mRNA, Rgmb mRNA was also expressed in wild-type and BmpRII-null PASMCs, whereas Rgmc mRNA was not detected by RT-PCR (data not shown). The two siRNA sequences (40 nM) reduced Rgma mRNA expression by 82 and 85%, respectively (Fig. 9A). In BmpRII-null cells (Fig. 9B), transfection of the two Rgmb siRNAs did not change BMP2 signaling, and cotransfection of Rgma and Rgmb siRNAs did not further reduce BMP2 signaling compared with the reduction in BMP2 signaling by Rgma siRNA alone. In wild-type PASMCs (Fig. 9C), transfection of Rgma siRNA, Rgmb siRNAs, or both did not change BMP2 signaling. These results suggest that endogenous RGMb does not play a significant role in regulating BMP2 signaling in PASMCs.

BMP Signaling Mediated by Overexpressed RGMa Is Reduced by Inhibition of Either ActRIIA or BmpRII Expression in Wild-type Mouse PASMCs—Our previous study showed that BMP2 or BMP4 uses BMPRII (but not ActRIIA) in wild-type PASMCs (24). To examine whether RGMa can enhance the utilization of ActRIIA in wild-type PASMCs, in which endogenous RGMa plays an undetectable role in BMP2 signaling as shown in Fig. 8E, we overexpressed RGMa in these cells. Treatment of wild-type PASMCs with BMP2 increased BRE-Luc activity to 6.6-fold above the base line (Fig. 10A). This stimulation was reduced by inhibition of BmpRII expression to 1.8-fold above the base line (p < 0.01). Inhibition of ActRIIA or ActRIIB expression did not affect the activation of the BRE-Luc reporter by BMP2. These results confirm the previously published finding that BMP2 uses BMPRII in wild-type PASMCs (24). Transfection of PASMCs with RGMa cDNA increased BRE-Luc activity to 4.2-fold above the base line (Fig. 10B). This stimulation was significantly reduced to 2.2- and 1.6-fold above the base line by BmpRII- and ActRIIA-specific siRNAs, respectively (p < 0.01 for both). RGMa-induced BRE-Luc activity was not affected by inhibition of ActRIIB expression. These results suggest that both BMPRII and ActRIIA in wild-type PASMCs are used to transduce BMP signals when RGMa is overexpressed, indicating that RGMa can enhance the utilization of ActRIIA by BMP2 and BMP4 in wild-type PASMCs.


Figure 9
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  		FIGURE 9.
Impact of siRNA targeting of mouse Rgmb on BMP2 signaling in BmpRII-null and wild-type PASMCs. A, siRNA-mediated inhibition of mouse Rgmb expression. Two siRNA sequences (40 nM) derived from sequences of mouse Rgmb were employed to decrease Rgmb expression in BmpRII-null cells. mRNA levels were measured 46 h after siRNA transfection by quantitative real-time PCR, were normalized to Rpl19 mRNA levels, and are expressed as a fraction of values from cells treated with control siRNA. The values shown are the means ± S.E. of triplicate measurements. B and C, impact of siRNA targeting of Rgmb on BMP2 signaling in BmpRII-null or wild-type (WT) PASMCs, respectively. Cells were transfected with BRE-Luc and pRL-TK in combination with control siRNA, Rgma siRNA (mixture of sequences 1 and 2; si-RGMa), Rgmb siRNA-1 (si-RGMb#1), Rgmb siRNA-2 (si-RGMb#2), combined Rgma siRNA and Rgmb siRNA-1, or combined Rgma siRNA and Rgmb siRNA-2. Cells were then treated with BMP2 (20 ng/ml) for 16 h prior to measurement of luciferase activity. ActRIIA (si-ActRIIA) and BmpRII (si-BMPRII) siRNAs were used as positive controls for transfection efficiency in BmpRII-null (B) and wild-type (C) cells, respectively. Control siRNA was used to equalize the total amount of siRNA. *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; *** < 0.001 versus controls with BMP2 treatments.

 


Figure 10
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  		FIGURE 10.
Impact of siRNA targeting of moue BmpRII, ActRIIA, and ActRIIB on BMP2-induced and transfected RGMa-mediated BMP signaling in wild-type PASMCs. A, impact of BmpRII (si-BMPRII), ActRIIA (si-ActRIIA), and ActRIIB (si-ActRIIB) siRNAs on BMP2 signaling in wild-type (WT) PASMCs. Cells were transfected with BRE-Luc and pRL-TK in combination with control siRNA or siRNA specific for BmpRII, ActRIIA, or ActRIIB (20 nM). Transfected cells were then incubated in the absence or presence of 20 ng/ml BMP2. Luciferase activity was measured in cell extracts and normalized for transfection efficiency relative to Renilla activity. B, impact of siRNA targeting of BmpRII, ActRIIA, and ActRIIB on BMP signaling mediated by transfected RGMa in wild-type PASMCs. Cells were transfected with BRE-Luc and pRL-TK in combination with control, BmpRII, ActRIIA, or ActRIIB siRNA (20 nM) and in the absence or presence of RGMa cDNA (10 ng) for 46 h prior to measurement of luciferase activity. The values shown are the means ± S.E. of triplicate measurements, **, p < 0.01 versus controls with treatments.

 


Figure 11
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  		FIGURE 11.
RGMa increases binding of 125I-BMP2 to ActRIIA and ALK3. Buffer alone (first bar); RGMa-Fc (1 ng) alone (second bar); ActRIIA-Fc (2 ng) alone (third bar); a combination of ActRIIA-Fc and ALK3-Fc (2 ng) (fourth bar); or a combination of RGMa-Fc, ActRIIA-Fc, and ALK3-Fc (fifth bar) was incubated with 125I-BMP2, followed by incubation on protein A-coated plates and determination of radioactivity using a standard {gamma}-counter.

 
RGMa Increases Binding of BMP2 to ActRIIA and ALK3—Some TGF-beta superfamily coreceptors such as betaglycan enhance ligand binding to the signaling receptors (8–11). We therefore tested whether RGMa-Fc increases binding of BMP2 to ActRIIA and ALK3 (Fig. 11). Purified RGMa-Fc, ActRIIA-Fc, ALK3-Fc, or their combinations were incubated in solution with 125I-BMP2, followed by incubation on protein A-coated plates and determination of radioactivity. RGMa-Fc significantly bound 125I-BMP2. As expected, ActRIIA-Fc was unable to bind, and the combination of ActRIIA-Fc and ALK3-Fc significantly bound 125I-BMP2. Addition of RGMa-Fc to ActRIIA-Fc and ALK3-Fc increased binding to 125I-BMP2 compared with the combination of ActRIIA-Fc and ALK3-Fc (Fig. 11).


   DISCUSSION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
 
Although originally discovered as glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored cell-surface proteins involved in neuronal differentiation and cell-cell contact in the developing nervous system (16–18), it is now clear that RGM family members are also coreceptors for BMP signaling (13–15). Emerging evidence suggests that RGM family members increase the sensitivity of cells to BMP stimulation and thus allow these cells to respond to low endogenous levels of BMP ligands (13–15). However, the mechanisms by which RGM family members facilitate the interactions between components of the BMP pathway are not fully understood.

In this study, we first examined the expression of BMP2 and BMP4–BMP7 ligands in KGN cells, which respond to BMP stimulation but do not express RGM family members (data not shown). We found that only BMP2, BMP4, and BMP6 were expressed. We then used siRNAs for these ligands to specifically inhibit their expression. Inhibition of BMP2 or BMP4 dramatically reduced RGMa-mediated BMP signaling, whereas inhibition of BMP6 expression had no effect. Inhibition of expression of both BMP2 and BMP4 completely abolished RGMa-induced BMP signaling. In combination with our previously published findings (14), the results suggest that BMP2 and BMP4 are both endogenous ligands and that they are likely the sole endogenous ligands for the RGMa coreceptor to induce BMP signaling in KGN cells.

It has been documented that both BMPRII and ActRIIA can mediate BMP2 and BMP4 signaling, but in most cell lines studied so far, BMPRII is the principal type II receptor (24, 30–33). Mazerbourg et al. (33) showed that treatment of the pre-osteoblast MC3T3 cell line with BmpRII or ActRIIA short hairpin RNA suppresses BRE promoter activity stimulated by BMP2 in a dose-dependent manner. The inhibitory effects of BmpRII short hairpin RNA are more pronounced compared with those of ActRIIA short hairpin RNA, indicating that BMPRII is the preferential type II receptor for BMP2 signaling in MC3T3 cells. We have shown previously that BMP4 signaling is impaired by inhibition of BmpRII (but not ActRIIA or ActRIIB) expression in wild-type PASMCs, whereas in BmpRII-null cells, BMP4 signaling is inhibited by ActRIIA siRNA (24). These data suggest that wild-type PASMCs transduce BMP signals via BMPRII, whereas BmpRII-deficient cells transduce BMP signals via ActRIIA. In this study, we found that either BMP2- or BMP4-induced signaling in KGN cells (as determined by the activity of BRE-Luc) was reduced by 70–75% upon inhibition of BMPRII expression, but was not significantly reduced upon inhibition of ActRIIA or ActRIIB expression (Fig. 5, A and B). These data suggest that BMP2 or BMP4 signal is also primarily transduced through BMPRII in KGN cells. The ability of transfected RGMa to increase BRE-Luc activity was reduced by 40–50% upon inhibition of either BMPRII or ActRIIA expression (Fig. 5C). The similar inhibitory effects of BMPRII and ActRIIA siRNAs on RGMa-induced BMP signaling suggest an equal utilization of BMPRII and ActRIIA by endogenous BMP2 and BMP4 in KGN cells when RGMa is overexpressed. Consistent with the results of the BRE-Luc reporter assays, Smad1/5/8 activation by BMP2 was inhibited only by BMPRII siRNA, but Smad1/5/8 activation by RGMa was diminished similarly by BMPRII and ActRIIA siRNAs (Fig. 6). Taken together, our results reveal that ActRIIA is used by BMP2 or BMP4 when RGMa is overexpressed in KGN cells, whereas ActRIIA is not used in KGN cells without RGMa transfection. These data suggest that RGMa enhances the utilization of ActRIIA by BMP2 or BMP4.

To further evaluate the role of RGMa in ActRIIA activity, we studied BmpRII-null mouse PASMCs. We first established that BMP2 or BMP4 exclusively used ActRIIA in the absence of BMPRII by showing that exogenous BMP2 or BMP4 signaling or BMP signaling mediated by transfected RGMa was abolished by ActRIIA inhibition, but was not affected by ActRIIB inhibition (Fig. 7, C and D). We then examined whether these cells express RGMa endogenously. Unlike KGN cells, both wild-type and BmpRII-null PASMCs express Rgma (Fig. 8A). In BmpRII-null PASMCs, we found that BMP2 or BMP4 signaling was significantly diminished by inhibition of Rgma expression (Fig. 8C). The reduction in BMP signaling was specific for BMP2 and BMP4, whereas signaling by BMP7 was not affected by the two Rgma siRNAs (Fig. 8D). These results suggest that, although RGMa is not necessary for BMP2 or BMP4 to use ActRIIA, there is an increased utilization of ActRIIA by BMP2 and BMP4 in the presence of RGMa. RGMa may serve to augment sensitivity to BMP2 and BMP4 ligands that otherwise would have a limited effect in BMPRII-null, BMPRII-low, or mutant BMPRII cell populations via the activation of ActRIIA.

In wild-type PASMCs, inhibition of endogenous RGMa did not change BMP2 signaling (Fig. 8E), a result that is consistent with the preference of BMP2 or BMP4 to use BMPRII (but not ActRIIA and ActRIIB) in wild-type PASMCs cell (Fig. 9) (24). However, when RGMa expression was elevated by the transfection of RGMa cDNA, both ActRIIA and BMPRII could be used for BMP signaling (Fig. 10). These results are consistent with the data from KGN cells (compare Figs. 5 and 10).

Inhibition of Rgmb expression in BmpRII-null or wild-type PASMCs failed to inhibit BMP2 signaling. This indicates that the protein expression level of RGMb is likely to be too low to assess its function. Because these cells do not express RGMc, our results argue that the inability of RGMa inhibition to reduce BMP2 signaling in wild-type PASMCs is not due to redundancy between RGMa and other RGM members in these cells. However, it is possible that redundancy may occur in other cell lines and cell types.


Figure 12
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  		FIGURE 12.
Schematic diagram depicting the role of RGMa in enhancing the utilization of ActRIIA by BMP2 and BMP4 in cells with expression of BMPRII, ActRIIA, and ActRIIB. A, in the absence of RGMa or in the presence of RGMa at a low level, BMP2 or BMP4 signal is transduced through BMPRII, but not through ActRIIA and ActRIIB. BMP2 or BMP4 binds to BMP type I receptors (R-I) and BMPRII to generate an active signaling complex. Upon formation of the complex, BMPRII phosphorylates type I receptors, which then activate the intracellular cascade. B, in the presence of RGMa at a high level, BMP2 or BMP4 signals through ActRIIA in addition to BMPRII. RGMa interacts with BMP2 or BMP4, BMP type I receptors, and ActRIIA to generate an active signaling complex. Within the complex, ActRIIA phosphorylates type I receptors, which then activate the intracellular signaling cascade. The utilization of both BMPRII and ActRIIA leads to an increased signal in response to BMP2 or BMP4.

 
A number of TGF-beta superfamily coreceptors, including betaglycan, endoglin, and Cripto, have been described to promote ligand binding to the signaling receptors (8–12). This results from this study revealed an increase in the binding of BMP2 to ALK3 and ActRIIA in the presence of RGMa-Fc in our cell-free binding assays. Whether RGMa can increase the binding of BMP2 and BMP4 to ActRIIA and type I receptors on the cell surface remains to be investigated.

Taken together, our findings suggest a mechanism of RGMa action in sensitizing cells to low endogenous levels of BMP2 and BMP4 ligands. In cells expressing both BMPRII and ActRIIA, ActRIIA is not significantly used by BMP2 and BMP4 in the absence of RGMa or the presence of RGMa at low levels (Fig. 12A). ActRIIA activity increases with higher levels of RGMa expression (Fig. 12B), resulting in the utilization of both BMP-RII and ActRIIA by BMP2 and BMP4, which leads to increased BMP signaling (Fig. 12B).


   FOOTNOTES
 
* The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact. Back

1 Supported by National Institutes of Health Grant HL74352. Back

2 Supported by National Institutes of Health Grants DK076143 and DK076158. Back

3 Supported by National Institutes of Health Grants DK071837 and DK069533. To whom correspondence should be addressed: Program in Membrane Biology, Richard B. Simches Research Center, 185 Cambridge St., CPZN-8216, Boston, MA 02114. Tel.: 617-726-5661; Fax: 617-643-3182; E-mail: hlin{at}partners.org.

4 The abbreviations used are: BMPs, bone morphogenetic proteins; TGF-beta, transforming growth factor-beta; BMPRII, bone morphogenetic protein receptor type II; ActRII, activin receptor type II; ALKs, activin receptor-like kinases; RGM, repulsive guidance molecule; siRNA, small interfering RNA; PASMCs, pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells; RT, reverse transcription. Back


   ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
 
We thank Drs. Nicolas DaSilva and Richard Bouley for assistance with the real-time methodology and densitometry, respectively. We thank Drs. Tarek Samad, Clifford Woolf, and Jodie Babitt for helpful discussions and continued support. We also thank Sandra Chen for technical assistance.



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 ABSTRACT
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 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
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