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Originally published In Press as doi:10.1074/jbc.M701409200 on June 18, 2007

J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 282, Issue 33, 24075-24082, August 17, 2007
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TRB2, a Mouse Tribbles Ortholog, Suppresses Adipocyte Differentiation by Inhibiting AKT and C/EBPbeta*Formula

Takahiro Naiki1, Eiko Saijou, Yuichiro Miyaoka, Keisuke Sekine, and Atsushi Miyajima2

From the Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan

Received for publication, February 16, 2007 , and in revised form, May 21, 2007.


   ABSTRACT
TOP
 ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Adipocyte differentiation is regulated by a complex array of extracelluar signals, intracellular mediators and transcription factors. Here we describe suppression of adipocyte differentiation by TRBs, mammalian orthologs of Drosophila Tribbles. Whereas all the three TRBs were expressed in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, TRB2 and TRB3, but not TRB1, were immediately down-regulated by differentiation stimuli. Forced expression of TRB2 and TRB3 inhibited adipocyte differentiation at an early stage. Akt activation is a key event in adipogenesis and was severely inhibited by TRB3 in 3T3-L1 cells. However, the inhibition by TRB2 was mild compared with severe inhibition by TRB3, though TRB2 suppressed adipogenesis as strongly as TRB3. Interestingly, TRB2 but not TRB3 reduced the level of C/EBPbeta, a transcription factor required for an early stage of adipogenesis, through a proteasome-dependent mechanism. Furthermore, knockdown of endogenous TRB2 by siRNA allowed 3T3-L1 cells to differentiate without full differentiation stimuli. These results suggest that inhibition of Akt activation in combination with degradation of C/EBPbeta is the basis for the strong inhibitory effect of TRB2 on adipogenesis.


   INTRODUCTION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Adipocytes play a key role for energy homeostasis by storing and releasing surplus energy. Adipose tissues are categorized into two functionally different types: white adipose tissue (WAT)3 stores excess energy as triglycerides and releases fatty acids in response to energy needs (1), while brown adipose tissue (BAT) releases energy as heat by uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation from the respiratory chain (2). In addition, adipose tissues form an endocrine system by secreting adipokines that regulate energy homeostasis (3). Alterations in adipose tissues, either excess or deficiency, are associated with metabolic disorders (4).

In the past decade, genetic studies using knock-out mice have identified several key transcription factors that regulate adipocyte development. CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins (C/EBPs) belong to the large family of bZIP transcription factors. C/EBP{alpha} knock-out mice show reduced fat accumulation in both WAT and BAT (5). Whereas adipogenesis is only slightly impaired in mice deficient for either C/EBPbeta or C/EBP{delta}, C/EBPbeta/{delta} double knock-out mice show severe defects in BAT development (6). Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor {gamma} (PPAR{gamma}), a member of nuclear hormone receptors superfamily, is also known to be required for adipocyte differentiation (7). Besides genetic evidences in vivo, these transcription factors have been characterized in vitro by using cultured mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and established cell lines such as 3T3-L1 and 3T3-F442A (8, 9). In the adipocyte differentiation in vitro, expression of C/EBPbeta and C/EBP{delta} is immediately up-regulated in response to differentiation stimuli (10). Upon induction of differentiation, preadipocytes undergo synchronous cell division, which is termed mitotic clonal expansion (MCE). MCE is required for subsequent adipose conversion and is a C/EBPbeta-dependent process (11). After several rounds of cell cycle, expression of C/EBP{alpha} and PPAR{gamma} is induced, which then stimulates the expression of adipogenic genes (10).

In addition to transcriptional networks, sets of signal cascades have been reported to modulate the adipogenic program. Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases, ERK, p38 and JNK, coordinate adipogenesis positively or negatively (12). Wnt-10b is expressed in preadipocytes, and the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway negatively regulates early adipogenesis (13). Insulin and IGF signals are known to affect adipogenesis (14), and mice deficient for IRSs or Akt, components of the insulin-signal cascade, show impaired adipogenesis (15–17). Thus, adipogenesis is a complex process that is coordinated by positive and negative signals.

In this study we describe roles of mammalian orthologs of Tribbles in adipogenesis. Tribbles was originally described in Drosophila as a regulator of Sting/CDC25 and three mammalian orthologs were subsequently found. They share a conserved motif highly homologous to serine/threonine kinases; however they lack key residues required for kinase activity (18–20). In Drosophila oogenesis, Tribbles acts as a negative regulator for Slbo, a Drosophila ortholog of mammalian C/EBPs (21). Mouse TRB3 has been reported to be an Akt-binding protein and inhibit the activation of Akt by IGF in hepatocytes (22). Human TRB1 and TRB3 associate with MAP kinase kinase and modulate MAP kinase cascades in a dose-dependent mechanism (23). TRB2 was originally identified as a phosphorylated protein induced by thyroid hormone in dog thyroid cells (24). Overexpression of TRB2 also inhibited Akt activation (22), while its biological function still remains unknown. Here we show that TRB2 and TRB3 exhibit anti-adipogenic effects through distinct mechanisms, i.e. both TRB2 and TRB3 inhibit Akt activation and TRB2 promotes proteasome-dependent degradation of C/EBPbeta.


   EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Cell Culture and Differentiation—3T3-L1 preadipocytes were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% bovine serum until confluence and maintained in the same medium for another 2 days. Adipogenesis were induced by a protocol previously described (25), in brief, cells were then induced to differentiate in DMEM containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 0.5 mM methyl-isobutyl-xanthine (Mix), 1 µM dexamethasone (Dex), and 5 µg/ml insulin. After 2 days, the medium was switched to DMEM containing 10% FBS and 5 µg/ml insulin. Two days later, cells were shifted to DMEM containing 10% FBS. Eight days after the addition of MDI, cells were fixed with 4% formaldehyde and stained with Oil-Red-O.

Retroviral experiments were performed as follows. PLATE cells were transfected with 4 µg of pMX vectors at 60% confluence. After 2 days, the retroviral supernatant was centrifuged and resuspended in fresh medium containing 8 µg of polybrene. 3T3-L1 cells were plated prior to infection and then incubated with viral medium for 24 h. Infected cells were propagated for each experiment. In experiments using C/EBPbeta or PPAR{gamma}, control or TRB-expressing cells were sorted by a FACS vantage and then infected with virus for expression of C/EBPbeta or PPAR{gamma}. Cells were induced to adipogenesis with MDI and troglitarizone. MEFs were prepared form E 14.5 mouse embryo by standard protocol. MEFs were infected with virus and induced to differentiate as described above.

Plasmids Construction—Mouse TRB1, TRB2, and TRB3 cDNAs were amplified by PCR with the sets of primers TN068 (5'-GGATCCGAATGCGGGTCGGTCCCGTG-3') and TN049 (5'-AGAGAGGCGACACCACATTG-3'), TN069 (5'-GGATCCGAATGAACATACACAGGTC-3'), and TN045 (5'-CCCATGCTACGTGTTCCGTC-3'), TN070 (5'-GGATCCGAATGCGAGCTACACCTCTG-3'), and TN047 (AGGCACAGGAACGAATAAGG-3'), respectively. In addition to full-length TRB2, we obtained one clone that was alternatively spliced and had a premature termination codon at the 242 amino acid position. We used this construct as a C-terminal-truncated TRB2 (TRB2{Delta}C). To construct FLAG-tagged TRBs, BamHI-NotI-digested fragments were cloned into the BamHI-NotI sites of the pCDNA3-FLAG vector. To generate retroviral vectors expressing FLAG-tagged TRBs, HindIII-NotI fragments were subcloned into pBluescript, and then SalI-NotI-digested fragments were cloned into the XhoI-NotI-linearized pMX vector. C/EBPbeta expressing construct used for immunoprecipitation experiments was generated as follows. The coding region of C/EBPbeta was amplified by PCR with sets of primers TN099 (5'-GAATTCATGCACCGCCTGCTGGCCTG-3') TN198 (5'-CTAGCAGTGGCCCGCCGAGGC-3') and then cloned into the pCDNA3 vector.

Northern Blot and Quantitative PCR Analysis—Total RNA was prepared from cells with TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen). 10 µg of each RNA samples was loaded on a 1% agarose gel containing 5.5% formaldehyde and resolved by electrophoresis. RNA was transferred to a nylon membrane and then hybridized with dioxygenin (DIG)-labeled antisense probe. After washing and blocking, membrane was incubated with AP-conjugated anti-DIG antibodies, and the signal was detected by CDP-star. For quantitative PCR, total RNA was prepared from cells with TRIzol. After DNase treatment, cDNA was generated and analyzed by Light Cycler (Roche Applied Sciences) according to the manufacturer's protocol. GAPDH was used as an internal standard.

BrdU Labeling—Cells were plated on glass coverslips and cultured until confluence. Confluent cells were maintained for another 2 days, induced to differentiate with MDI for 12 h, and then labeled for 12 h with 10 µM BrdU. Cells were washed with phosphate-buffered saline and fixed in 70% ethanol for 20 min. After denaturation (2 N HCl for 20 min) and neutralization (0.1 M sodium borate, pH 8.5), cells were incubated with anti-BrdU monoclonal antibody and subsequently probed with FITC-conjugated secondary antibody. A coverslip was mounted on a slide glass with GEL/MOUNT containing Hoechst 33342 and analyzed by microscopy. Two independent experiments were performed. To examine the percentage of BrdU positive cells, four fields (more than 1000 cells) were counted.

Immunoprecipitation and Western Blot Analysis—Cells were washed with cold phosphate-buffered saline and then solubilized in lysis buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, 2 mM EDTA, 100 mM NaCl, 50 mM NaF, 30 mM sodium pyrophosphate, 1 mM sodium orthovanadate, 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, and 10 µg/ml leupeptin, 0.075 units/ml aprotinin, 1 mM dithiothreitol, and 1% Triton X-100). Extracts were centrifuged at 15,000 rpm for 30 min at 4 °C. Protein concentrations were determined by the Bio-Rad protein assay. The supernatants were incubated at 4 °C overnight with protein G-Sepharose beads bounded with anti-FLAG (M2, Sigma) antibody. Immunoprecipitates were washed with lysis buffer and boiled in 1x SDS-PAGE sample buffer. Proteins were resolved by SDS-PAGE and transferred to a nylon membrane. After blocking procedure, proteins were immunoblotted with anti-Akt (Cell Signaling), anti-phospho-Akt (Thr308, Ser437, Cell Signaling), anti-C/EBPbeta (C-19, Santa Cruz Biotechnology), and anti-FLAG antibodies and detected by enhanced chemiluminescence (PerkinElmer Life Sciences). Experiments were performed independently for three times, and the levels of Akt phosphorylation and LAP protein were quantified by NIH Image.

RNA Interference—Expression virus vectors for luciferase and TRB2 shRNA were generated as follows. Target sequence, Luc (5'-GGATGAAGAGAGGACTCGT-3') or TRB2 (5'-GGATGAAGAGAGGACTCGT-3'), was ligated with the linearized pSIREN-RetroQ vector (BD) as described by the manufacturer. Retroviral medium was prepared as described above.


   RESULTS
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Mouse Tribbles Orthologs Are Differentially Regulated during Adipogenesis—It has been shown that insulin and IGF are key molecules in early adipogenesis (14). Whereas TRB3 was previously shown to modulate Akt-mediated insulin signaling (22), it remained unclear whether TRB3 is integrated in the adipogenic program. To investigate a possible involvement of TRB3 in adipogenesis, we first examined the expression of TRB3, together with two other mouse Tribbles orthologs, TRB1 and TRB2, during adipocyte differentiation. 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) were induced to differentiate with Mix, Dex, and insulin (MDI) and then analyzed by quantitative PCR. As shown in Fig. 1A, TRB2 but not TRB1 or TRB3 was reduced in differentiated 3T3-L1 cells as compared with undifferentiated cells. TRB2 was also decreased in MEF cells that were cultured with MDI (Fig. 1B). To understand the regulatory mechanism of TRB expression during adipogenesis, we examined the mRNA levels of TRBs at various points. TRB3 was expressed in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and disappeared 1 day after MDI treatment (Fig. 1C, day 1). Interestingly, however, TRB3 expression was oscillated by medium change; the expression was restored and reached a level higher than undifferentiated cells next day (Fig. 1C, day 2). It was reduced again when fresh medium was added at day 3 and increased again in the following day (Fig. 1C, days 3 and 4). As compared with TRB3, TRB1 and TRB2 showed distinct expression patterns. TRB1 was increased at day 2 and day 4, whereas TRB2 was reduced by differentiation stimuli, and its expression remained low throughout the differentiation process. TRB3 expression was also oscillated in the absence of MDI; however the extent was smaller than that in differentiating cells, whereas TRB1 and TRB2 were not altered.


Figure 1
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  		FIGURE 1.
Expression of TRBs during differentiation. A, 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were induced to differentiate as described under "Experimental Procedures." Total RNA was extracted from cells prior to induction (Pre) or 6 days after induction (Post) and then subjected to quantitative PCR analysis. B, expression of TRBs in MEFs were determined by quantitative PCR as described in A. C, 3T3-L1 cells were grown to confluence and cultured for another 2 days (Day 0). Cells were induced to differentiate (induction +) or cultured in the medium without differentiation stimuli. Total RNA was extracted at the indicated days and then analyzed by Northern blot.

 
Enforced Expression of TRB2 or TRB3 Inhibits Differentiation of 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes—To investigate whether the expression of TRB2 and TRB3 affects adipocyte differentiation, we created cells stably expressing TRB2 or TRB3. 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were infected with virus carrying the cDNA for TRB2 or TRB3. Constitutive expression of TRBs did not affect the growth of these cells before differentiation (data not shown). Infected cells were grown to confluence and then induced to differentiate with MDI. Eight days after induction, control cells harbored lipid droplets as visualized by Oil-Red-O staining, whereas lipid accumulation was severely impaired in cells expressing TRB2 or TRB3 (Fig. 2A). Consistent with the defects in adipogenesis, expression of aP2, an adipogenic gene encoding a fatty acid-binding protein, was reduced in both TRB2- and TRB3-expressing cells (Fig. 2B). Furthermore, C/EBP{alpha} and PPAR{gamma}, transcription factors required for adipogenesis, were also reduced in those TRB-expressing cells. In contrast, expression of C/EBPbeta, an early inducible gene during adipogenesis in vitro, was unaffected by enforced expression of TRB2 and TRB3 (Fig. 2C). These results indicate that constitutive expression of TRB2 or TRB3 inhibits the adipogenic program at an early step. To further confirm the effects of TRB2 and TRB3 in different cells, we expressed TRB2 and TRB3 in MEFs and examined their effect on adipogenesis. As shown in Fig. 2D, the level of aP2 mRNA was significantly reduced in MEFs infected with TRB2- or TRB3-expression virus as compared with control virus. Thus, TRB2 and TRB3 have anti-adipogenic function in mammalian cells.

Peng et al. (16) previously showed that the induction of C/EBP{alpha} and PPAR{gamma} expression was defective in MEFs prepared from Akt1/2 double knock-out mice. Because TRB3 has been reported to function as an inhibitor for Akt (22) and TRB-expressing cells exhibited defects similar to Akt1/2 knock-out MEFs, we examined the possibility that TRBs inhibit adipogenesis via Akt. To this end, we analyzed the phosphorylation of Akt at Thr308 and Ser473, indicative of Akt activation (26). After confluence, virus-infected cells were cultured in the presence or absence of MDI and then subjected to Western blot analysis. As shown in Fig. 3, Akt was phosphorylated in response to MDI in control cells. The phosphorylation of Akt was severely inhibited in cells expressing TRB3, suggesting that TRB3 blocks the adipocyte differentiation by inhibiting Akt signaling. In contrast, TRB2 had a modest effect on the Akt activation, while it suppressed adipogenesis as strongly as TRB3, suggesting that TRB2 blocks adipocyte differentiation by a mechanism distinct from TRB3.


Figure 2
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  		FIGURE 2.
Effect of TRB expression on adipogenesis. A, 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were infected with control virus or virus containing a cDNA for TRB2 or TRB3. Eight days after induction, cells were stained with Oil-Red-O to visualize the lipid droplets. Stained plates (upper panel) and microscopic images (lower panel) are shown. B, five days following induction, total RNA was extracted from cells and then subjected to Northern blot analysis with probes as indicated. C, total RNA was extracted from cells 24 h after induction and the expression of C/EBPbeta was examined by Northern blotting. D, MEFs were infected with control virus or virus expressing TRB2 or TRB3 and then induced to differentiate. The amount aP2 mRNA in control cells (black), TRB2-expressing cells (white), TRB3-expressing cells (gray) was determined by quantitative PCR.

 
TRB2 Reduces the Level of LAP Protein through a Proteasome-dependent Mechanism—It was previously reported that in Drosophila, Tribbles associates with Slbo, a protein homologous to mammalian C/EBP proteins, and promotes its degradation through a proteasome-dependent manner (21). To investigate whether mammalian Tribbles orthologs have similar function, we examined the level of C/EBP proteins during adipogenesis in cells expressing TRB2 or TRB3. As shown in Fig. 2, B and C, the C/EBPbeta mRNA level was unchanged by enforced expression of TRBs, but the induction of C/EBP{alpha} was impaired in cells expressing TRBs. Thus, we examined the level of C/EBPbeta protein in cells expressing either TRB2 or TRB3. Control and TRB-expressing cells were induced to differentiate with MDI and then subjected to Western blot analysis. It has been shown that C/EBPbeta isoforms, LAP and LIP, are produced through an alternative translation or through a proteolytic cleavage (27–29). LAP possesses the DNA binding and trans-activating domains, whereas LIP lacks the trans-activating domain and acts as an inhibitor (28). The levels of both C/EBPbeta isoforms in TRB3-expressing cells were similar to those in control cells, whereas LAP was significantly reduced in TRB2-expressing cells (Fig. 4A). Interestingly, LIP, an inhibitory isoform of C/EBPbeta, was found at similar levels in both control and TRB2-expressing cells. To test if the reduction of LAP by TRB2 is proteasome dependent, we examined the effect of a proteasome inhibitor, MG132. As shown in Fig. 4B, the LAP protein level was recovered when TRB2-expressing cells were treated with MG132, indicating that the degradation of LAP is promoted in TRB2-expressing cells. These results strongly suggest that TRB2 inhibits adipogenesis by down-regulating the protein level of the active C/EBPbeta isoform LAP. To test this idea, we examined MCE that is a C/EBPbeta-dependent process in early adipogenesis. Control and TRB2-expressing cells were induced to differentiate and cell-cycle progression was monitored by BrdU incorporation. Control cells entered cell cycle and incorporated BrdU by differentiation stimuli. Expression of TRB2 resulted in reduction of BrdU positive cells compared with control cells (Fig. 4C). Thus, enforced expression of TRB2 impairs a C/EBPbeta-dependent process during adipogenesis. If insufficiency of C/EBPbeta results in defective adipogenesis in TRB2-expressing cells, enforced expression of C/EBPbeta would suppress the TRB2-dependent defects. To examine this hypothesis, we created cells exogenously expressing C/EBPbeta and induced differentiation. Overexpression of C/EBPbeta enhanced adipogenesis in control cells and TRB2-expressing cells could differentiate to adipocytes by expression of exogenous C/EBPbeta (supplemental Fig. S1). These results support the model that C/EBPbeta is a target of TRB2.


Figure 3
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  		FIGURE 3.
Effects of TRB expression on Akt activation following MDI stimulation. 3T3-L1 cells infected with control (C), TRB2 (2), or TRB3 (3) virus were cultured until confluence. Two days after confluence, cells were cultured in the absence or presence of MDI and incubated for 1 h. Total cell lysates were prepared and subjected to Western blotting analysis. Phosphorylated Akt was detected with specific antibodies against phospho-Thr308 (T308) and phospho-Ser473 (S473). Akt and FLAG-TRBs were detected with anti-Akt and anti-FLAG antibodies (A). Asterisk indicates nonspecific band (B and C), three independent experiments were performed, and phosphorylation of Akt was quantified by NIH image. Open bars, absence of MDI; filled bars, presence of MDI.

 


Figure 4
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  		FIGURE 4.
Functional and physical interaction between TRB2 and C/EBPbeta. A, control or TRBs-infected cells were induced to differentiate with MDI for 24 h. Extracts prepared from cells were resolved by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotted with anti-C/EBPbeta, anti-C/EBP{delta}, and anti-actin antibodies. B, three independent experiments were performed as described in A and C/EBPbeta LAP/LIP ratio was quantified. C, eighteen hours after induction, control or TRB2-expressing cells were cultured in the absence or presence of MG132 for 6 h. The amount of C/EBPbeta protein was determined by Western blotting. D, control or TRB2-expressing cells were induced to differentiate. Eighteen hours after induction, cells were labeled with BrdU for 6 h and then fixed as described under "Experimental Procedures." Percentage of BrdU-positive cells are represented. E, HEK293 cells were transiently transfected with pCDNA3-FLAG-TRB2 and pCDNA3-C/EBPbeta as indicated. Extracts prepared from transfected cells were subjected to immunoprecipitation with anti-FLAG antibody. The immunocomplex was separated by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotted with antibodies against C/EBPbeta and FLAG epitope. F, control or TRB-infected cells were cultured in the absence or presence of MDI for 6 h. Extracts prepared from cells were resolved by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotted with anti-C/EBPbeta antibody.

 
TRB2 Physically Interacts with C/EBPbeta Isoform LAP, but Not with LIP—Given the analogous function of Tribbles and TRB2 in the regulation of C/EBP protein, we next examined the physical interaction between TRB2 and C/EBPbeta in mammalian cells. HEK293 cells were transiently transfected with FLAG-TRB2 and C/EBPbeta. Extracts prepared from transfected cells were analyzed by immunoprecipitation. Full-length C/EBPbeta (38-kDa), LAP (35-kDa), and LIP (21-kDa) proteins were produced by the C/EBPbeta expression vector in HEK293 cells. Both full-length C/EBPbeta and LAP proteins were co-immunoprecipitated with FLAG-TRB2, whereas LIP was not detected in the immunocomplex (Fig. 4D). In 3T3-L1 cells, full-length C/EBPbeta and LAP were reduced by TRB2, whereas LIP was not affected by TRB2 (Fig. 4E). Taken together, the physical interaction between TRB2 and the active C/EBPbeta isoform is correlated with the reduction of C/EBPbeta protein.

To uncover the molecular feature of TRB2, we made a C-terminally truncated TRB2 (TRB2{Delta}C) that partially lacks the conserved kinase-like domain (Fig. 5A). 3T3-L1 cells were infected with the TRB2{Delta}C expression virus vector and then induced to differentiate with MDI. Although cells expressing full-length TRB2 failed to differentiate, TRB2{Delta}C-expressing cells as well as control cells were converted into adipocytes and accumulated lipid droplets (Fig. 5B). Furthermore, enforced expression of TRB2{Delta}C did not affect expression of adipogenic genes and the level of C/EBPbeta protein (Fig. 5, C, D, and E). We next examined the association of C/EBPbeta with tuncated-TRB2 and found that TRB2{Delta}C physically interacted with LAP (Fig. 5F). Thus, the C-terminal region is important for TRB2 function rather than the association with C/EBPbeta.

PPAR{gamma} Rescues the Defects of Adipogenesis in Cells Expressing TRB2 or TRB3—The induction of C/EBP{alpha} and PPAR{gamma} are dependent on C/EBPbeta and C/EBP{delta} in cultured cells (7). As shown in Fig. 4A, TRB2 reduced the level of C/EBP{delta} as well as C/EBPbeta protein. If TRB2 inhibits adipogenesis by degrading C/EBPbeta and C/EBP{delta}, PPAR{gamma} could suppress the defects of TRB2-expressing cells. To test this hypothesis, we created cells expressing both TRB2 and PPAR{gamma} and then induced to differentiate. As shown in Fig. 6, cells expressing TRB2 and PPAR{gamma} rarely differentiated to adipocytes in the absence of a PPAR{gamma} ligand, troglitazone, whereas they could differentiate in the presence of troglitazone. However lipid droplets in TRB2-expressing cells were smaller than those in control cells. We next examined the effects of PPAR{gamma} on adipogenesis in cells expressing TRB3. It has been shown that expression of PPAR{gamma} is defective in Akt deficient MEFs and PPAR{gamma} rescues the defects of adipogenesis (16). If TRB3 inhibits adipogenesis by attenuating Akt activation, PPAR{gamma} also should rescue the defects of TRB3-expressing cells. Predictably, TRB3-expressing cells as well as control cells differentiated to adipocytes by activation of PPAR{gamma} (Fig. 6) These results indicate that TRB2 and TRB3 inhibit events prior to PPAR{gamma}-dependent processes, however the effect of PPAR{gamma} was partial in TRB2-expressing cells, suggesting that TRB2 may inhibits a PPAR{gamma}-dependent process as well (See "Discussion").

Induction of Adipogenesis by TRB2 Knockdown in Response to a Low Concentration of Dexamethasone—To clarify the role of endogenous TRB2 in adipocyte differentiation, we knocked down the expression of TRB2 in 3T3-L1 cells with retrovirus expressing shRNA. The mRNA level of endogenous TRB2 was significantly reduced in cells expressing TRB2 shRNA as compared with control cells (Fig. 7, A and B). TRB2 knockdown cells showed no obvious defects in growth (data not shown). As TRB2 reduced the levels of active isoforms of C/EBPbeta, knockdown of TRB2 may activate the adipogenic program more efficiently. To test this hypothesis, we examined whether TRB2 knockdown cells undergo adipogenesis by a low concentration of differentiation stimuli, MDI. However, we did not observe adipogenesis in both control and TRB2-knockdown cells in the presence of 1/100 of the normal concentration of MDI. Because Mix, Dex, and insulin are required for various processes in adipogenesis, it is possible that knockdown of TRB2 failed to complement the reduction of all three inducers. It has been reported that Pref-1, an anti-adipogenic factor, is downregulated in response to Dex and decrease of Pref-1 by antisense RNA allowed cells differentiate in a low concentration of Dex (30). If endogenous TRB2 has a negative role in an adipogenic process in response to specific agent, TRB2 knockdown could complement the reduction of such agent. To test whether TRB2 is down-regulated in response to a specific agent, we examined effects of each inducer on TRB2 expression and found that the TRB2 level was reduced by Dex (Fig. 8A). We then examined adipocyte differentiation in a low concentration of Dex. 3T3-L1 cells were converted to adipocyte in standard differential medium containing 1 µM Dex, but they rarely differentiated in the presence of 1 nM Dex. We found that upon stimulation with 1 nM Dex TRB2-knockdown cells accumulated more lipids than control cells infected with the expression vector of Luciferase shRNA (Fig. 8B). Consistent with this observation, the expression of aP2 was enhanced in TRB2-knockdown cells as compared with control cells (Fig. 8, C and D). Furthermore, in TRB2-knockdown cells, the level of C/EBPbeta LAP protein was increased without altering its transcripts (Fig. 8, E and F). Again, these results indicate that TRB2 acts as an inhibitor for C/EBPbeta protein and adipogenesis.


Figure 5
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  		FIGURE 5.
Analyses of C-terminal-truncated TRB2. A, schematic of full-length TRB2 and C-terminal-truncated TRB2 (TRB2{Delta}C). 3T3-L1 cells were infected with virus expressing TRB2 or TRB2{Delta}C and then induced to differentiate with MDI. B, eight days after induction, lipids were stained by Oil-Red-O. C, five days following induction, expression of adipogenic genes was examined by Northern blotting. D and E, twenty-four hours after MDI stimulation, the level of C/EBPbeta mRNA and protein was examined by Northern blotting (D) and Western blotting (E). F, HEK293 cells were transfected with pCDNA3-C/EBPbeta and expression vectors for FLAG-tagged TRB2. The association of C/EBPbeta with TRB2 was examined by immunoprecipitation assay as described in Fig. 4E.

 


Figure 6
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  		FIGURE 6.
Effect of PPAR{gamma} activation on adipogenesis in TRB-expressing cells. Control or TRB-expressing cells were infected with virus containing a cDNA for PPAR{gamma}. Cells were induced to differentiate with MDI in the absence (upper panel) or presence (lower panel) of PPAR{gamma} ligand, troglitarizone. Eight days after induction, lipids were stained by Oil-Red-O. Stained plates (A) and microscopic images (B) are shown.

 


Figure 7
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  		FIGURE 7.
Effects of TRB2 siRNA 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were infected with virus expressing shRNA for luciferase or TRB2. A, total RNA was prepared from infected cells and the level of TRB2 mRNA was determined by Northern blotting. B, cDNA was prepared from control and TRB2-knockdown cells, and then relative expression level of TRB2 was measured by quantitative PCR. GAPDH was used as an internal standard.

 

   DISCUSSION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
 
The Tribbles family is characterized by the evolutionally conserved kinase-like domain highly homologous to serine/threonine kinases. In Drosophila, Tribbles is the only member and plays a role in protein degradation. In mammals, three members have been found, and TRB3 is known to modulate signal cascades such as Akt and MAPK. Among the three members, we found that expression of TRB2 and TRB3 was immediately down-regulated in response to differentiation stimuli in 3T3-L1 preadipocyte, suggesting that they may have some role for adipogenesis. In fact, forced expression of TRB2 and TRB3 inhibited adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells.


Figure 8
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  		FIGURE 8.
Effect of TRB2 knockdown on the adipogenic program. A, two days after confluence, 3T3-L1 cells were shifted to the medium containing Mix, Dex, or insulin and cultured for 24 h. After RNA preparation, the expression of TRB2 was examined by Northern blotting. B–D, control or TRB2-knockdown cells were stimulated with Mix, insulin, and 1 nM Dex. After 2 days, cells were cultured by standard differentiation method. Eight days following induction, plates were stained with Oil-Red-O (B), the expression of aP2 was determined by Northern blotting (C), and relative expression level of aP2 was measured by quantitative PCR (D). E and F, cells were treated with Mix, insulin and 1 nM Dex for 6 h. The level of C/EBPbeta LAP protein was examined by Western blotting (E) and quantified by NIH Image (F). G, total mRNA was prepared from cells as described above and C/EBPbeta mRNA was examined by Northern blotting.

 
Because Akt mediates adipogenic signals (16) and TRB3 inhibits Akt signaling and glucose production in hepatocytes (22), we considered the possibility that the inhibitory effect of TRBs is mediated by Akt. This is indeed the case for TRB3; MDI induced phosphorylation of Akt at Thr308 and Ser473 and forced expression of TRB3 in 3T3-L1 cells blocked the Akt phosphorylation as well as adipocyte differentiation. FOXO1 is a fork-head transcription factor that inhibits adipogenesis and a differentiation inducer such as insulin transiently inactivates FOXO1 by Akt-dependent phosphorylation in early adipogenesis (31). These results support the model that TRB3 acts as an inhibitor for Akt in preadipocytes, and its down-regulation inhibits Foxo1 activity by permitting Akt-dependent phosphorylation.

The inhibitory effect of TRB2 was similar to that of TRB3, however, TRB2 only partially inhibited the Akt phosphorylation, suggesting that TRB2 inhibits adipogenesis via a mechanism distinct from the inhibition of Akt phosphorylation. We found that TRB2 specifically interacts with the active isoform of C/EBPbeta LAP and reduces it through a proteasome-dependent manner. LAP is necessary and sufficient for MCE in adipocyte differentiation (11). In agreement with these observations, MCE is impaired in cells in which TRB2 is ectopically expressed. As Drosophila Tribbles promotes degradation of Slbo, a Drosophila C/EBP (21), these results suggest that TRB2 is a functional counterpart of Drosophila Tribbles. The kinase-like domains of Drosophila Tribbles and TRB proteins are highly conserved, whereas N- and C-terminal regions are variable. Our deletion analysis revealed that TRB2{Delta}C binds LAP, but fails to affect adipogenesis, suggesting that the C-terminal region is important for TRB2 functions rather than the association with C/EBPbeta. As Drosophila Tribbles promotes degradation of Slbo through an ubiquitin-dependent mechanism (21), it is possible that C-terminal region of TRB2 associates with co-factors such as a ubiquitin ligase. Interestingly, SKIP3, an alternative name of TRB3, binds ATF4 and degrades it in human tumors (32). Recently, TRB3 was shown to associate with COP1, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, and promotes acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC1) degradation (33). Thus, TRBs may regulate protein stability in mammalian cells depending on cellular contexts. Interestingly, we observed that TRB1, a member of the mouse TRB family, also possesses an ability to reduce the C/EBPbeta LAP protein level in 3T3-L1 cells in a manner similar to TRB2 (Supplemental Fig. 2). Enforced expression of TRB1 resulted in defective adipogenesis, suggesting that TRB1 negatively regulates adipogenesis. As TRB1 is transiently up-regulated during adipogenesis, it is possible that TRB1 functions as a negative feedback regulator for fine tuning of adipogenesis. TRB1 and TRB2 as well as TRB3 have a COP1-bindig motif (33), it is possible that all TRB family members may associate with COP1. However, TRB1 and TRB2 promote degradation of LAP, whereas TRB3 does not, suggesting that LAP is regulated by a mechanism distinct from COP1-dependent proteolysis.

Akt-deficient MEFs are unable to express PPAR{gamma} and adipogenic defects in Akt deficient MEFs are restored by PPAR{gamma} and troglitazone (16). We demonstrated that activation of PPAR{gamma} suppresses the defects of TRB2- and TRB3-expressing cells; however suppression of TRB2-expressing cells was partial, suggesting that TRB2 affects the PPAR{gamma} dependent process. PPAR{gamma} induces C/EBP{alpha} expression and then they cooperatively promote the adipogenic program (34). During revision of this manuscript, Keeshan et al. (35) reported that TRB2 promotes C/EBP{alpha} degradation in cancer cells. It is possible that TRB2 also promotes C/EBP{alpha} degradation in adipocytes and functions as an inhibitor for C/EBP family proteins. In fact, we observed that the level of C/EBP{delta} protein, which is a member of the C/EBP family and is involved in early adipogenesis, was also decreased in TRB2-expressing cells (Fig. 4A). Taken together, TRB2 is a protein that negatively regulates C/EBP family proteins through proteolysis.

Dex is required for 3T3-L1 preadipocytes to differentiate into adipocytes in vitro. We have demonstrated that TRB2 expression is repressed by Dex and TRB2-knockdown cells readily differentiate into adipocytes in the presence of 1 nM Dex, which is 1000-fold less than that in the normal differentiation condition. These results suggest that Dex plays a role for the repression of TRB2 during early adipogenesis. Pref-1, also known as Dlk, is expressed in preadipocytes and down-regulated in a Dex-dependent manner (30) and overexpression of Pref-1 inhibits adipocyte differentiation (36, 37). We have observed that Pref-1 is still expressed after MDI stimulation in TRB2-expressing cells,4 raising the possibility that TRB2 regulates the expression of Pref-1.

It was recently shown that TRB3 expression is repressed by nutritional supplies and is increased in a long-term culture of human PC-3 cells by a PI-3K-dependent mechanism (38). In agreement with this report, we also observed that TRB3 expression is oscillated by medium change during adipocyte differentiation. It is possible that the adipogenic program is regulated by nutritional status. Interestingly, mouse TRB3 is a key regulator of glucose homeostasis in hepatocytes and its expression is down-regulated by feeding (22). TRB3 is expressed in mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes and adipose tissues in vivo (data not shown) and Qi et al. (33) recently reported that TRB3 was increased during fasting and stimulated lipolysis in an adipose tissue. Thus, TRB3 may play an important role for both differentiation and function of adipocytes.

In summary, we show that TRB2 and TRB3 have anti-adipogenic effects. While TRB3 suppresses adipogenesis by strong inhibition of Akt activation, TRB2 blocks adipogenesis through the inhibition of Akt activation and degradation of C/EBPbeta and C/EBP{delta}. TRB3 is increased in IRS-deficient BAT, in which adipocyte differentiation is impaired (39). TRB2 targets C/EBPbeta and C/EBP{delta} in 3T3-L1 cells and mice deficient for both C/EBPbeta and C/EBP{delta} display severe defects in development of brown adipocytes (6). Thus, it will be interesting to investigate whether TRB2 is involved in the development of brown adipocytes in vivo.


   FOOTNOTES
 
* This work was supported in part by grants-in-aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan and from the CREST program of Japan Science and Technology Agency. The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact. Back

Formula The on-line version of this article (available at http://www.jbc.org) contains supplemental Figs. S1 and S2. Back

1 Recipient of a JSPS Research Fellowship. Back

2 To whom correspondence should be addressed: Laboratory of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan. Tel.: 81-3-5841-7884; Fax: 81-3-5841-8475; E-mail: miyajima{at}iam.u-tokyo.ac.jp.

3 The abbreviations used are: WAT, white adipose tissue; BAT, brown adipose tissue; DMEM, Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium; FBS, fetal bovine serum; Dex, dexamethasone; MCE, mitotic clonal expansion; PPAR{gamma}, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor {gamma}; Mix, methyl-isobutyl-xanthine. Back

4 A. Miyajima, unpublished data. Back


   ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
 
We thank members of the Miyajima laboratory for discussion and Dr. K. Irie for making his laboratory available to complete this work.



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TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
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