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Originally published In Press as doi:10.1074/jbc.M609164200 on December 5, 2006

J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 282, Issue 7, 4728-4737, February 16, 2007
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Ankyrin Repeat and Suppressors of Cytokine Signaling Box Protein Asb-9 Targets Creatine Kinase B for Degradation*

Marlyse A. Debrincat{ddagger}§1, Jian-Guo Zhang{ddagger}§, Tracy A. Willson{ddagger}§, John Silke||, Lisa M. Connolly**, Richard J. Simpson**, Warren S. Alexander{ddagger}, Nicos A. Nicola{ddagger}, Benjamin T. Kile§, and Douglas J. Hilton§2

From the {ddagger}Division of Cancer and Haematology and §Division of Molecular Medicine, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia, the Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia, the ||Department of Biochemistry, R. L. Reid Building, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia, and the **The Joint Proteomics Laboratory of the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia

Received for publication, September 27, 2006 , and in revised form, November 24, 2006.


   ABSTRACT
TOP
 ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
The suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins inhibit cytokine action by direct interaction with Janus kinases or activated cytokine receptors. In addition to the N-terminal and Src homology 2 domains that mediate these interactions, SOCS proteins contain a C-terminal SOCS box. DNA data base searches have identified a number of other protein families that possess a SOCS box, of which the ankyrin repeat and SOCS box-containing (Asb) proteins constitute the largest. Although it is known that the SOCS proteins are involved in the negative regulation of cytokine signaling, the biological and biochemical functions of the Asbs are largely undefined. Using a proteomics approach, we demonstrate that creatine kinase B (CKB) interacts with Asb-9 in a specific, SOCS box-independent manner. This interaction increases the polyubiquitylation of CKB and decreases total CKB levels within the cell. The targeting of CKB for degradation by Asb-9 was primarily SOCS box-dependent and suggests that Asb-9 acts as a specific ubiquitin ligase regulating levels of this evolutionarily conserved enzyme.


   INTRODUCTION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
The suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS)3 proteins function as part of a classical negative feedback loop, attenuating cytokine action through inhibition of the Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription signal transduction pathway (1). The SOCS proteins comprise an N-terminal region, a central SH2 domain, and a conserved C-terminal motif of ~40 amino acids, termed the SOCS box. Structural and functional analyses have shown that SOCS proteins mediate their effects by direct interaction with activated Janus kinases and cytokine receptors via their N-terminal and SH2 domains (2). Recent in vivo evidence has revealed, however, that for a complete termination of signal transduction, the SOCS box is also required (3).

The SOCS box was first identified in the SOCS proteins and has since been found in more than 50 proteins across a range of species (4, 5). These proteins have been subdivided into nine different families based on the type of domain or motif they possess upstream of the SOCS box and include the eight SOCS proteins, 18 Asbs (ankyrin repeat-containing SOCS box proteins), four SSBs (SPRY-domain proteins with a SOCS box), and two WSBs (WD40 repeat proteins with a SOCS box) (4, 5). The SOCS box from several of these family members binds Elongin C, which in turn associates with a complex consisting of Elongin B, a cullin family member (Cullin-2 or Cullin-5), and a RING finger protein called Roc1 or Rbx1 (5–7). This protein complex constitutes an E3 ubiquitin ligase termed the ECS (Elongin C-cullin-SOCS box) that, together with a ubiquitin-activating enzyme (E1) and a ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (E2), facilitates the polyubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation of bound proteins, thereby regulating protein levels within the cell (8, 9). Other studies suggest an additional role for the SOCS box, in particular that the SOCS box-Elongin B/C interaction may act to stabilize SOCS proteins, thereby protecting SOCS proteins from degradation (10–12).

The Asbs constitute the largest family of SOCS box-containing proteins, with 18 murine and human Asbs identified, yet their biological and biochemical functions are largely unknown. The Asbs contain a protein interaction motif upstream from the SOCS box composed of a variable number of ankyrin repeats. The ankyrin repeat consensus is 33 amino acids in length and is found in eukaryotic, bacterial, and viral proteins with various functions including receptors, cell cycle regulators, secreted proteins, tumor suppressors, and transcription factors (13) (reviewed in Ref. 14). Each ankyrin repeat comprises a V-shaped helix-turn-helix motif, linked together by loops. The repeats are stacked in bundles providing a stable platform for protein-protein interactions (reviewed in Ref. 15).

The Asbs have been implicated in different biological processes; Asb-2 may regulate myeloid cell proliferation and/or differentiation (16, 17), Asb-5 plays a possible role in the initiation of arteriogenesis (18), and Asb-11 may regulate the proliferation and differentiation of the developing nervous system (19), whereas Asb-15 has been reported to regulate muscle growth by acting as a negative regulator of proliferating muscle cells and by increasing the rate of protein synthesis in differentiated myoblasts (20, 21). Asb-8 has been implicated in cancer, with Asb-8 expression undetectable in normal adult lung tissue but present in several lung carcinoma cell lines. Transfection of a possible dominant negative form of Asb-8 (human Asb-8 cDNA lacking the SOCS box) suppressed the growth of lung adenocarcinoma cells in vitro, implying an association of Asb-8 with the development of lung cancer (22). The function of Asb-1 was studied by utilizing genetically modified mice. Although Asb-1 knock-out mice displayed some testicular anomalies, it was concluded that deletion and overexpression of Asb-1 had no obvious effect on mouse development, thus suggesting a possible redundancy between Asb proteins (23).

Recent studies propose that the Asbs perform an analogous role to the SOCS proteins, regulating various signaling pathways via an interaction between the SOCS box motif and the Elongin B/C complex to initiate ubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation of proteins bound to the ankyrin repeat region. One study reported that Asb-2 may target regulators of hematopoiesis for degradation by assembling into an ECS-type E3 ubiquitin ligase with the Elongin B/C complex, Cullin-5, and Rbx-1 (24). In a separate study, TNF-R2-mediated cellular responses to TNF-{alpha} were negatively regulated by Asb-3. Down-regulation of Asb-3 by RNA interference led to an accumulation of TNF-R2 and TNF-R2-associated cytotoxicity (25). Finally, Asb-6 was found to interact with the adaptor protein APS (adaptor protein with pleckstrin homology and SH2 domain), which couples the insulin receptor to components of a glucose transport pathway. Following prolonged insulin stimulation, APS was degraded when Asb-6 was overexpressed (26).

Creatine kinase, an evolutionarily conserved enzyme, is critical for the maintenance and regulation of cellular energy stores in tissues with high and rapidly changing energy demands, such as skeletal and cardiac muscle and the brain. In mammals, three cytosolic (CKM, CKB, and CKMB) and two mitochondrial (CKMt1 and CKMt2) isoforms of creatine kinase are expressed. CKM is muscle-specific, CKMB, a heterodimer of both muscle and brain subunits, is predominantly expressed in heart, and the two mitochondrial creatine kinase isoforms, ubiquitous CKMt1 and sarcomeric CKMt2, are located in the mitochondrial intermembrane space and are often co-expressed with the cytoplasmic creatine kinases. The brain type cytosolic enzyme of creatine kinase, CKB, plays a major role in cellular energy metabolism of non-muscle cells. CKB is expressed in a range of tissues, mainly in the brain and retina, but also in the uterus, placenta, kidney, and testes. There is ample evidence that the CK system is linked with brain and muscle function (reviewed in Ref. 27). A number of neurological and muscular diseases display perturbations in CK activity and creatine metabolism, although the causal relationships of many are not known. A role for CKB in brain function is further supported by altered behavioral patterns observed in CKB knock-out mice (28).

Overexpression of CKB has been observed in a number of tumors, including neuroblastoma, small cell lung carcinoma, colon and rectal adenocarcinoma, and breast and prostate carcinoma as well as some tumor cell lines (reviewed in Refs. 27 and 29). Elevated CKB expression was also reported in B-lineage cells from patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (30). Furthermore, CKB is induced by the adenovirus E1a oncogene (31). Conversely, wild-type p53 repressed the CKB promoter (32). In fact, many human small cell lung carcinomas, which exhibit elevated CKB expression, contain mutations in p53 alleles (reviewed in Ref. 27).

Since SOCS box-containing proteins target specific proteins for degradation via a SOCS box-dependent manner, we reasoned that the key to elucidating the function of the Asb protein family is to study the proteins with which they interact. Here, we report the identification of CKB as a specific binding partner of Asb-9 with in vitro and in vivo confirmation of the interaction in primary cells. We show that the interaction leads to CKB ubiquitylation and degradation in a SOCS box-dependent manner, suggesting that Asb-9 acts as a specific ubiquitin ligase regulating CKB abundance.


   EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Northern Hybridization—Tissues were dissected from 8-week-old C57BL/6 mice and immediately snap frozen in liquid nitrogen. Total RNA was extracted from tissues using TRIzol reagent according to the manufacturer's instructions (Invitrogen). Northern blots were performed after electrophoresis, as described (33). For Northern blot hybridization, the entire coding region of the mouse Asb-9 cDNA was used. The membrane was stripped and rehybridized with a 1.2-kbp PstI fragment of the chicken glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase cDNA to control for RNA loading and integrity.

Expression of Asb-9 and CKB in 293T Cells—Total cellular RNA was isolated using TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen) as per the manufacturer's instructions. First strand cDNA synthesis was performed using Superscript III RNase H- reverse transcriptase (Invitrogen). Forward (F) and reverse (R) oligonucleotides specific for the sequence of human Asb-9 and CKB were designed as follows: Asb-9, 5'-GAGTCAGGAGCGGACGTG-3' (F) and 5'-CGTTTGCCTTCAGCATTCTT-3' (R); CKB, 5'-CGGTATCTGGCACAATGACA-3' (F) and 5'-GGGTGAACACCTCCTTCATGT-3' (R). PCR conditions were as follows: initial denaturation at 95 °C for 15 min, followed by 35 cycles of 95 °C for 15 s; 60 °C for 30 s; 72 °C for 30 s.

Expression Vectors for Transient Transfections—The cDNAs encoding Asb-1 to Asb-12, Asb-14, Asb-15, Asb-17, SOCS-3, and WSB-1 were obtained as described (2, 4, 34). Constructs encoding these proteins, with or without the SOCS box, with an N-terminal FLAG epitope tag (DYKDDDDK) were generated by PCR to give fragments with in frame MluI restriction enzyme sites at both the N and C termini and were subcloned into the mammalian expression vector pEF-FLAG-I.

Transfection of 293T Cells—Human embryonic kidney 293T cells were plated at a density of 8 x 106 cells/Nunclon 175-cm2 tissue culture flask (Nalge Nunc International) or in 6-well Costar plates (Corning Glass) at 0.5 x 106 cells/well and cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium supplemented with 10% (v/v) fetal calf serum (HyClone Laboratories). Cells were incubated overnight at 37 °C in a humidified atmosphere of 10% CO2 in air and transfected with a maximum of 2.5 µg of pEF-FLAG-I expression vector containing the cDNA of interest, using FuGene transfection reagent (Roche Applied Science) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Where indicated, the proteasomal inhibitor PS341 was used at a concentration of 10 nM diluted in Me2SO. Cells were treated with PS341 for 24 h.

Transfection of HeLa Cells with Asb-9—Human epitheloid cervical carcinoma HeLa cells were plated in 6-well Costar plates as described for the 293T cells. HeLa cells were transfected with 0–2.5 µg of empty vector and pEF-FLAG-Asb-9 or pEF-FLAG-Asb-9 lacking the SOCS box (/{Delta}SB) using the Lipofectamine transfection reagent (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer's instructions.

Constructs for Stable Cell Lines—HA-ubiquitin N terminus FLAG was amplified from pcDNA5 FRT TO HA-ubiquitin as described elsewhere (35) with oligonucleotides 5'-GCTGATGCGCGGCCGCTTAGCTAGCCAGGCGCGCCGCGGATCCCTTGTCATCGTCGTCCTTGTAGTCAGTTGCCCCACCTCTGAG-3' and 5'-CGCGGTACCACCATGGCAAGCTACCCTTATGACGTCCC-3', digested with KpnI and NotI, and inserted into pcDNA5 FRT TO digested with KpnI and NotI to create pcDNA5 FRT TO HA-ubiquitin N-FLAG. This vector was digested with AscI, and the Asb-9 and Asb-9/{Delta}SB inserts were cloned in with AscI and MluI from pEF-Asb-9 and pEF-Asb-9/{Delta}SB. All constructs were verified by sequencing throughout the complete coding sequence.

Generation of Stable Cell Lines—Stable cell lines were established by transiently transfecting the Flp-InTM T-RExTM 293 cell line (Invitrogen) with pcDNA5 FRT TO constructs (Invitrogen) with the recommended amount of pOG44. 24 h after transfection, cells were split into 15-cm tissue culture plates and selected with 500 µg/ml hygromycin (Invitrogen) in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (Invitrogen). After 1 week, individual colonies were picked and then expanded and tested for doxycyclin (Sigma)-regulated expression of the relevant construct, using protein separation on SDS-polyacrylamide gels followed by Western blot analysis.

Cell Lysis and Affinity Purification—Cells were lysed in Nonidet P-40 buffer (0.5% (v/v) Nonidet P-40, 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), 150 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, 10% glycerol) containing protease inhibitors (Complete mixture tablets; Roche Applied Science) for 30 min on ice. For the ubiquitylation studies, cells were treated with KALB lysis buffer (150 mM NaCl, 50 mM Tris (pH 7.5), 1% (v/v) Triton X-100, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM Na3VO4, 10 mM NaF) containing protease inhibitors (Complete mixture tablets; Roche Applied Science). For large scale affinity purification, clarified lysates were incubated with anti-FLAG M2 resin for 3–4 h at 4 °C and then poured into Poly-prep chromatography columns (Bio-Rad) to recover the M2 beads. The affinity resin was then subjected to five 2-ml washes with lysis buffer. Bound proteins were subsequently eluted with 8 x 0.2 ml of 200 µg/ml FLAG peptide. Eluates were pooled and concentrated to 40 µl using a Millipore concentration unit (molecular weight cut-off of 10,000) mixed with 15 µl of 4 x SDS sample buffer containing 0.2 M dithiothreitol and resolved on a 4–20% gradient gel (Novex). The gel was stained with 0.1% Coomassie Blue (Pierce) in 50% (v/v) methanol and destained in 12% (v/v) methanol and 7% (v/v) acetic acid.

Preparation of Tissue Lysates and Quantification of Protein— Tissues to be analyzed were dissected from mice and immediately snap frozen in liquid nitrogen. For collection of bone marrow, one femur was flushed into Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum. Cells were pelleted at 450 g for 3 min. Cell pellet and tissues were stored at -70 °C until lysis. Bone marrow cells were lysed in 200 µl of Nonidet P-40 lysis buffer on ice. Tissues were lysed by Dounce homogenization in lysis buffer. Insoluble material was removed by centrifugation, and protein was quantitated using a BCA protein assay kit (Pierce) as per the manufacturer's instructions.

Protein Identification by Tryptic Digest and Mass Spectrometry—Protein bands were excised and digested in situ using trypsin (36). Peptides were separated by capillary chromatography (37) and sequenced using an on-line electrospray ionization ion trap mass spectrometer (ESI-IT-MS) (LCQ Thermo-Finnigan, San Jose, CA). Operating conditions for ESI-IT-MS and MS data analysis are described elsewhere (38). Automatically selected tryptic peptide ions were identified using the SEQUEST algorithm incorporated into the Finnigan XcaliburTM software (39). A nonredundant protein data base produced by the Office of Information Technology of the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research was used.

Western Blot Analysis—Proteins were resolved by SDS-PAGE, transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride-plus membranes, and blocked for 1 h in 5% (w/v) skim milk powder. Primary antibody was diluted in blocking solution and incubated with the membrane for 1 h. FLAG-tagged proteins were detected by rat anti-FLAG antibody (9H1) (40), whereas endogenous CKB was detected by antibody raised against a peptide mapping at the amino terminus of CKB (sc-15157; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc., Santa Cruz, CA) or a rabbit anti-CKB polyclonal antibody (70-XR43; Fitzgerald). Endogenous Asb-9 was detected using an in-house rabbit polyclonal antibody raised against full-length Asb-9 or a mouse monoclonal antibody, 5D3, which was generated as detailed below. Antibody binding was visualized using appropriate horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies and the ECL system (Amersham Biosciences) according to the manufacturer's instructions.

Immunofluorescence—293T cells were transfected and then replated onto fibronectin-coated 8-well glass slides (Nalgene) at 1 x 106 cells/ml. The cells were cultured for 24 h in 500 µl of medium and then fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 15 min. Cells were washed twice with PBS, permeabilized with ice-cold methanol for 10 min, washed with PBS a second time, and then blocked with PBS plus 1% bovine serum albumin for 30 min at room temperature. Primary antibody was added and incubated for 1 h. Cells were washed three times with PBS plus 1% bovine serum albumin and incubated with a secondary antibody for 30 min. Cells were counterstained with 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (0.5 µg/ml) for 15 min, washed, and then coverslipped following mounting with anti-fade media (DakoCytomation). The primary antibodies that were used were rat anti-FLAG 9H1 at 1:200 and rabbit anti-CKB (Fitzgerald) at 1:1000. Secondary antibodies used were Alexa Fluor 488 goat anti-rabbit polyclonal (Molecular Probes) at 1:1000 and Cy5 goat anti-rat (Jackson Laboratories) at 1:500.

Generation of MYC-tagged CKB and Detection of Ubiquitylated Protein—A cDNA clone encoding creatine kinase B in a pCMV-SPORT6 vector was purchased from the I.M.A.G.E Consortium (supplied by the Medical Research Council GeneService) (ID 4225384). Oligonucleotides 5'-ACGTGGCGCGCCAGCCCTTCTCCAACAGCCATAATACG-3' and 5'-ACGTACGCGTCTGGGCCGGCATGAGGTCATC-3' were used to amplify the CKB coding sequence with in frame AscI and MluI sites at the 5' and 3' ends. The PCR-generated fragment was digested with AscI and MluI and then subcloned into pEF-MYC-I to generate a CKB construct with a C-terminal MYC (DQKLISEEDL) tag. The MYC-tagged CKB plasmid, an HA-tagged ubiquitin plasmid, and a FLAG-tagged Asb-9 plasmid or its deleted SOCS box form were transfected into 293T cells as described above. Clarified cell extracts were immunoprecipitated with anti-MYC antibody, and ubiquitylated protein was detected by anti-HA antibody (Roche Applied Science).

Pulse-Chase Analysis of Creatine Kinase B—293T cells were transfected with the MYC-tagged CKB plasmid and either the pEFBOS expression vector, FLAG-Asb-9, or FLAG-Asb-9/{Delta}SB plasmids as described above. At 48 h post-transfection, cells were rinsed with methionine-free Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium supplemented with 0.1% bovine serum albumin (Albu-MAX I 10% solution; Invitrogen). Cells were radiolabeled for 1 h with 0.1 mCi of [35S]methionine/cysteine mixture (NEG-072; PerkinElmer Life Sciences) per ml of methionine-free culture medium. Cells were then rinsed to remove pulse-labeling medium and chased in normal culture medium. Cell lysates were immunoprecipitated with anti-MYC antibody as described. Protein was eluted with 40 µl of SDS loading buffer, separated by SDS-PAGE, and transferred onto polyvinylidene difluoride-plus membranes. The 35S-labeled MYC-tagged CKB protein was detected using a PhosphorImager (Molecular Dynamics) and quantified using ImageQuant software (version 5.0). The fraction of 35S-labeled MYC-CKB remaining at each time point was then calculated to allow the half-life of the protein to be estimated.

Generation of Anti-Asb-9 Monoclonal Antibodies—For the generation of anti-Asb-9 monoclonal antibodies, BALB/c mice were immunized with glutathione S-transferase (GST)-tagged Asb-9 and His-tagged Asb-9 recombinant proteins. To produce GST-Asb-9 protein, the cDNA of murine Asb-9 was subcloned into a modified pGEX-2T vector (Amersham Biosciences) as a GST fusion protein. The GST-Asb-9 was expressed in Escherichia coli strain NM522 cells and purified according to the manufacturer's instructions with minor modifications. Briefly, the isopropyl 1-thio-beta-D-galactopyranoside-induced E. coli pellets were lysed on ice for 1 h in 20 ml of lysis buffer (1% (v/v) Triton X-100, 0.2 mg/ml lysozyme (Sigma), 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, 30 µg/ml DNase I (Roche Applied Science) in PBS. Lysates were subjected to centrifugation at 20,000 x g for 15 min. The bacterial lysate was incubated with glutathione-Sepharose 4B beads (Amersham Biosciences) for 1 h at 4 °C. Beads were washed with 1% (v/v) Triton X-100 in PBS and then 1% (v/v) Triton X-100 in 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 150 mM NaCl (TBS). Bound GST-Asb-9 was eluted in 10 1-ml fractions with 50 mM glutathione in 1% Triton X-100 in TBS. Fractions containing the GST fusion protein were pooled and dialyzed against PBS overnight at 4 °C. Murine Asb-9 was also cloned into a pET15b vector (Novagen) and expressed as a His6-tagged protein in BL21 DE3 pLysS E. coli (Stratagene). The His-tagged Asb-9 protein was expressed predominantly as an insoluble protein and purified using Ni2+-nitrilotriacetic acid resin (GIAGEN) under denaturing conditions according to the manufacturer's instructions. Fractions containing the His-tagged protein eluted in 6 M guanidine HCl, 100 mM NaH2PO4, 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 4.5, were pooled and purified further by reversed phase high pressure liquid chromatography on a 100 x 7.5-mm inner diameter Vydac C4 column with a 60-min linear gradient of 0–100% acetonitrile in 0.085% (v/v) trifluoroacetic acid, lyophilized, and reconstituted in Milli-Q water.

BALB/c mice were immunized with 30 µg of GST-Asb-9 in Freund's complete adjuvant and were then boosted with 30 µg of GST-Asb-9 in Freund's incomplete adjuvant. A final antigen challenge with 30 µg of His-Asb-9 in Freund's incomplete adjuvant was administered 3 days before spleens were removed. Spleen cells were fused with the SP2/O mouse myeloma cell line. Hybridomas, for which anti-Asb-9 reactivity was detected, were cloned by limiting dilution and supernatants from hybridoma clones were screened by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for their ability to recognize both GST-Asb-9 and His-Asb-9. These supernatants were rescreened by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to test for their ability to bind to protein G in order to select for supernatants containing IgG antibodies, which are most suitable for their downstream applications, namely immunoprecipitation and Western blotting.

To purify anti-Asb-9 antibodies, hybridoma supernatant was passed though a protein G column (Amersham Biosciences), and antibody was eluted with 0.1 M glycine buffer (pH 2.7). The eluted antibody solution was neutralized with the addition of Tris, pH 8, to a final concentration of 0.1 M. To assess the purity of the antibodies, ~0.5 µg of antibody was separated by SDS-PAGE under both reducing and nonreducing conditions. The clone 5D3 was used to detect endogenous Asb-9 where indicated in this study.


   RESULTS
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Expression of Asb-9 in Vivo—In the adult mouse, Asb-9 mRNA expression was detected predominantly in the testes and kidney, with low expression observed in the heart and liver (Fig. 1). Asb-9 expression was undetectable in all other tissues examined. Since Asb-9 mRNA was normally expressed in the kidney, we utilized the human embryonic kidney 293T cell line to examine possible interactions of endogenous proteins with Asb-9 in addition to the standard overexpression studies.

Identification of CKB as an Asb-9-specific Interacting Protein— Proteins that associate with Asb-9 were purified from 293T cells expressing FLAG-tagged Asb-9 using anti-FLAG M2 affinity resin and resolved by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (Fig. 2). Various proteins were observed to co-immunoprecipitate with Asb-9 that were absent in immunoprecipitates from control 293T cells (Fig. 2, compare lanes 1 and 2). These proteins were excised from the gel, digested with trypsin in situ, and identified by mass spectrometry (Table 1). Consistent with experiments of other SOCS box-containing proteins, Elongins B and C (18 and 15 kDa, respectively) and Cullin-5 (90 kDa), co-immunoprecipitated with Asb-9. In contrast, creatine kinase B had not been previously identified in SOCS protein immunoprecipitation experiments and therefore interacted with Asb-9 in an apparently specific manner.


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  		TABLE 1
Mass spectrometric identification of proteins

 
Expression of Asb-9 and CKB in 293T Cells—The expression of endogenous Asb-9 and CKB in 293T cells at the mRNA and protein level was examined by reverse transcription-PCR and Western blot. Asb-9 was expressed at low levels in 293T cells and was detected by reverse transcription-PCR and by Western blot using a rabbit polyclonal antibody raised against Asb-9. In contrast, creatine kinase B mRNA and protein was abundant in 293T cells (Fig. 3). As a consequence of the low basal expression of Asb-9, it was overexpressed for further analysis of the Asb-9-CKB interaction in 293T cells.


Figure 1
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  		FIGURE 1.
Northern blot hybridization analysis of Asb-9 RNA expression levels. Total RNA was isolated from primary tissues taken from 8-week-old normal mice. The transcript size for Asb-9 is 1.3 kb. To confirm RNA loading and integrity, the blot was stripped and reprobed with glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH).

 


Figure 2
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  		FIGURE 2.
Identification of proteins that bind to Asb-9. Lysate from 293T cells transfected with pEFBOS (lane 1) and pEF-FLAG-tagged Asb-9 (lane 2) were subjected to precipitation with anti-FLAG M2 resin. Bound proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE and visualized by Coomassie staining. The arrows in lane 2 indicate the protein bands excised for sequencing analysis by mass spectrometry (see Table 1). The heat shock proteins 60/70 (Hsp60/70) have been observed to co-immunoprecipitate with a plethora of other proteins and are likely to be nonspecific (49, 50) (B. T. Kile, J.-G. Zhang, and N. A. Nicola, unpublished observations).

 
Specificity of Asb-9-CKB Interaction—The specificity of the Asb-9-CKB interaction was further examined by testing the interaction of CKB with nearly all of the known Asb proteins as well as SOCS-3 and WSB-1. The FLAG-tagged Asb proteins were immunoprecipitated, and association with endogenous CKB was detected by Western blot with anti-CKB antibody. CKB was only detected in immunoprecipitations from cells transfected with Asb-9 and none of the other Asbs, suggesting that the CKB interaction was highly specific to Asb-9 (Fig. 4, A and B). Unsurprisingly, less related proteins, such as SSB-2, WSB-2, and the ankyrin repeat proteins Gankyrin and Harp (data not shown), did not interact with CKB.

SOCS Box-dependent and -independent Interactions—In order to explore the basis of the Asb-9 and CKB interaction, full-length FLAG-Asb-9 or Asb-9 lacking the SOCS box (Asb-9/{Delta}SB) was transiently expressed in 293T cells, and the interaction with CKB was examined. As shown in Fig. 5A, both Asb-9 and Asb-9/{Delta}SB readily interacted with endogenous CKB, suggesting that the binding of the putative substrate CKB to Asb-9 occurs independently of the SOCS box. As expected, however, the SOCS box was critical for interactions with Elongins B and C (Fig. 5C) and Cullin-5 (Fig. 5D) (Fig. 2) (6, 10).

Asb-9 Targets CKB for Degradation in a SOCS Box-dependent Manner—To examine the consequences of the interaction between Asb-9 and CKB, 293T cells were transfected with increasing concentrations (0–2.5 µg) of FLAG-tagged Asb-9 or FLAG-tagged Asb-9/{Delta}SB constructs. Total cell lysates were analyzed by Western blot with an anti-CKB antibody. As the concentration of transfected Asb-9 increased (Fig. 6A, top left panel), levels of endogenous CKB decreased, suggesting that Asb-9 may play a role in regulating the levels of CKB within the cell. In contrast, the levels of endogenous CKB were unaffected in cells expressing Asb-9/{Delta}SB (Fig. 6A, top right panel), indicating that, whereas the binding of CKB by Asb-9 occurs via the ankyrin repeats, the effect on CKB protein levels is dependent on an intact SOCS box. The consequence of Asb-9 overexpression on endogenous CKB levels was also examined in the HeLa cell line. Similar to the 293T experiments, overexpression of Asb-9 resulted in a SOCS box-dependent reduction in cellular CKB protein (Fig. 6B).

A similar but more complete degradation was observed using isogenic cell lines that stably and inducibly express Asb-9 or Asb-9/{Delta}SB. Upon induction of full-length Asb-9 by doxycyclin, no endogenous CKB could be detected via Western blot (Fig. 6C). This was also observed in several independent cell lines (data not shown). Consistent with the transient transfection results, CKB levels remained unchanged when Asb-9/{Delta}SB was induced. The reduction of the CKB protein was greater in the stable lines compared with the transient expression system, probably because all cells in the inducible stable cell lines expressed the construct, whereas transient transfection could only target a fraction of the total number of cells. A similar complete degradation of a target protein by a RING finger containing E3 ligase has been previously observed using this inducible system (41).


Figure 3
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  		FIGURE 3.
Asb-9 and CKB expression in 293T cells. Asb-9 and CKB expression was detected by reverse transcription-PCR (panels on left) and Western blot (WB; panels on right) of total cell lysate by an anti-Asb-9 polyclonal antibody and anti-CKB antibody, respectively. The expression of Asb-9 compared with creatine kinase in 293T cells is low. A CKB plasmid was used as a control in the reverse transcription-PCR experiments. Lysate obtained from 293T cells transfected with 50 ng of FLAG-Asb-9 plasmid was used as a control for the Western blot analysis. The Western blot was reprobed with an anti-Hsp70 antibody as a loading control.

 


Figure 4
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  		FIGURE 4.
CKB specifically interacts with Asb-9. A and B, membranes were immunoblotted with anti-CKB antibody. The arrows indicate the CKB band. Expression of all FLAG-tagged proteins was confirmed by reprobing with anti-FLAG antibody as shown in C and D./{Delta}SB represents SOCS box-deleted constructs. WB, Western blot.

 
By immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy, the localization of CKB and various FLAG-tagged Asb and SOCS proteins in 293T cells was examined (Fig. 7). CKB is expressed in the cytoplasm of 293T cells and was easily visualized using an anti-CKB antibody (Fig. 7, top row). Overexpressed FLAG-tagged proteins were detected using an anti-FLAG antibody. CKB shared a cytoplasmic location with Asb-9/{Delta}SB as well as FLAG-tagged Asb-3 and SOCS-3 proteins in 293T cells. Entirely consistent with results presented in Fig. 6, endogenous

CKB was undetectable in cells that expressed FLAG-Asb-9 (Fig. 7, second row), whereas levels and location of CKB were unaffected by any of the other SOCS box-containing proteins tested (Fig. 7, rows 3–5). This highlights the reproducibility of this interaction at the single cell level.


Figure 5
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  		FIGURE 5.
SOCS box-dependent and -independent interactions. Transfected 293T lysates were immunoprecipitated (IP) with M2 resin and immunoblotted with anti-CKB, anti-Elongin B/C or anti-Cullin-5 (A, C, and D, respectively). The expression of FLAG-Asb-9 and FLAG-Asb-9/{Delta}SB was confirmed by an anti-FLAG Western blot (WB)(B).

 
To assess further the effect of Asb-9 on CKB degradation, the turnover of the CKB protein was determined via pulse-chase analysis. 293T cells were co-transfected with a MYC-tagged CKB plasmid and either a pEFBOS vector control, FLAG-tagged Asb-9, or FLAG-tagged Asb-9/{Delta}SB plasmids. Transfected cells were pulse-labeled with [35S]methionine and then chased for various time periods in normal culture medium containing unlabeled methionine (Fig. 8). MYC-tagged CKB was immunoprecipitated with anti-MYC antibody, and labeled proteins were visualized using a PhosphorImager. As before, turnover of CKB was accelerated by co-expression of Asb-9, and the SOCS box was required for this effect, since CKB half-life was similar in the presence or absence of Asb-9/{Delta}SB (Fig. 8, A and B). Finally, treatment with the proteasomal inhibitor PS341 prolonged CKB half-life (Fig. 8B). These results indicate that Asb-9 promotes the degradation of CKB and that the degradation is SOCS box-dependent and is mediated by the proteasome.

Asb-9 Induces SOCS Box-dependent Ubiquitylation of CKB— SOCS proteins have been reported to induce proteasome-dependent degradation of their target proteins (42, 43). To investigate whether Asb-9-induced reduction of CKB levels was due to SOCS box-mediated ubiquitylation of CKB, we co-expressed MYC-CKB with full-length Asb-9 or Asb-9/{Delta}SB as well as HA-ubiquitin. As shown in Fig. 9A, little basal polyubiquitylation of CKB was observed (lane 3); however, co-expression of Asb-9 (lane 4) but not Asb-9/{Delta}SB (lane 5) resulted in enhanced polyubiquitylation of CKB. Upon treatment of cultures with the proteasomal inhibitor PS341, a markedly increased level of polyubiquitylated CKB was observed (lanes 6–8). Importantly, the ubiquitylation of CKB was substantially enhanced on co-expression with Asb-9 (lane 7), but to a reduced extent with overexpressed Asb-9/{Delta}SB, supporting our previous observations. To confirm that the ubiquitylated protein smears observed in the Asb-9 co-transfections (lanes 4 and 7) were due to modification of the MYC-tagged CKB protein by ubiquitin, the blot was stripped and reprobed with anti-MYC (Fig. 9B). The reprobe shows a strong band that most likely corresponds to a monoubiquitylated form of CKB and was predominant when Asb-9 was co-expressed. As expected, the band appeared more intense following treatment with PS341. Unmodified MYC-CKB protein was easily detected, and no obvious differences in levels were observed in the untreated versus PS341-treated samples. This may be attributed to the immunoprecipitation process, since an increase in MYC-tagged CKB protein levels upon PS341 treatment was observed when total cell lysate was examined via immunoblot with anti-MYC (D).


Figure 6
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  		FIGURE 6.
A–C, SOCS-box dependent degradation of CKB. A, 293T cells were co-transfected with increasing concentrations (0–2.5 µg) of FLAG-tagged Asb-9 or FLAG-tagged Asb-9/{Delta}SB constructs and decreasing concentrations of pEFBOS vector to ensure that a total of 2.5 µg of DNA was used per transfection. Total cell lysate was immunoblotted with an anti-CKB antibody (upper panels). Expression of FLAG-tagged protein was determined by an anti-FLAG Western blot (WB; middle panels). Actin levels were also examined in the presence of increasing concentrations of Asb-9 to ensure that Asb-9 specifically regulates CKB degradation (lower panels). B, HeLa cells were transfected with 0–2.5 µg of FLAG-Asb-9 or FLAG-Asb-9/{Delta}SB. The pEFBOS vector was also transfected to ensure that a total of 2.5 µg of DNA was used per transfection. Endogenous CKB was detected using an anti-CKB antibody (upper panels). The expression of FLAG-tagged Asb-9 or Asb-9/{Delta}SB was confirmed by an anti-FLAG Western blot (lower panels). C, stable 293 cell lines were uninduced (lane 1) or induced to express FLAG-Asb-9 (lane 2) and FLAG-Asb-9/{Delta}SB (lane 3) by the addition of doxycyclin. Total cell lysate was immunoblotted with anti-CKB (upper panel). Expression of FLAG-tagged protein was determined by an anti-FLAG Western blot (middle panel). The membrane was reprobed with anti-Hsp70 as a loading control.

 
Asb-9 and Creatine Kinase B Interact in Primary Cells— Some of the limiting factors in determining if two proteins interact in vivo are the availability of antibodies and the capacity of antibodies to detect proteins at the endogenous level. Asb-9 is expressed in a limited range of tissues, whereas CKB displays a more ubiquitous expression profile. One tissue where both proteins are expressed and where the monoclonal anti-Asb-9 antibody is effective in detecting the endogenous protein is the testis. Lysate was prepared from the testes of C57BL/6 mice and immunoprecipitated with anti-CKB antibody. Following SDS-PAGE, the membrane was immunoblotted with anti-Asb-9. As shown in Fig. 10, the anti-Asb-9 antibody detected the positive control FLAG-tagged Asb-9 (lane 1) and endogenous Asb-9 in testes (lane 2). Importantly, an interaction between Asb-9 and CKB was also observed, since immunoprecipitation with anti-CKB antibody followed by Western blot with anti-Asb-9 antibody revealed that Asb-9 co-precipitated with CKB (lane 5) but was not brought down by an unrelated antibody or protein G (Fig. 10, lanes 3 and 4).


   DISCUSSION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
 
Using a proteomic approach, we identified CKB as a protein capable of specifically interacting with Asb-9. CKB is a key cytosolic enzyme in cell energy metabolism (reviewed in Ref. 44) reversibly catalyzing the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of creatine and, hence, provides an ATP buffering system for tissues requiring large amounts of energy. Subsequent experiments established that the interaction was unique to Asb-9 and that the ankyrin repeat region was the likely binding site for CKB, since binding was not affected when the SOCS box was removed. The identification of CKB as a possible target protein of Asb-9, the presence of Elongins B and C and Cullin-5, and the proposed function of the Asbs as ECS-type E3 ubiquitin ligases prompted further analysis into the biochemical consequences of the Asb-9-CKB interaction. Using transient and stable transfection techniques as well as immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy, we established that Asb-9 overexpression dramatically reduced endogenous CKB protein. Furthermore, the interaction resulted in the SOCS box-dependent ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of CKB. These results suggest that Asb-9 may coordinate a novel molecular mechanism for the post-translational regulation of cellular CKB.

Asb-9 is one of 18 members of the ankyrin repeat-containing SOCS box protein family (Asbs). The amino acid sequence of murine Asb-9 predicts a 290-amino acid peptide, composed of a short N-terminal region of ~30 amino acids, followed by a series of six ankyrin repeats (amino acids 31–223) and a C-terminal SOCS box (amino acids 236–290). Although the Asb family represents the largest family of all SOCS box-containing proteins, their biological and biochemical functions remain poorly defined. Ankyrin repeats are a structural motif involved in protein-protein interactions (reviewed in Ref. 15), whereas the SOCS box interacts specifically with Elongin C. Several SOCS box-containing proteins act as part of an E3 ubiquitin ligase complex with the specificity of the complex determined by the protein interaction motif located upstream from the SOCS box (reviewed in Ref. 5).


Figure 7
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  		FIGURE 7.
Creatine kinase B is not detectable in 293T cells that overexpress Asb-9. 293T cells were either untransfected or transiently transfected with FLAG-Asb-9, FLAG-Asb-9/{Delta}SB, FLAG-Asb-3, or FLAG-SOCS-3. Expression of the FLAG-tagged protein was analyzed by immunofluorescence using confocal microscopy with rat anti-FLAG/anti-rat Cy5 antibody (red). Endogenous CKB was visualized with rabbit anti-CKB/anti-rabbit Alexa Fluor 488 antibody (green). 293T cells express high levels of CKB. However, upon overexpression of Asb-9, CKB could no longer be detected. Co-localization of CKB with all other expressed FLAG proteins was observed. DAPI,4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole.

 
Asb-9 appears to function in a similar manner to SH2-containing SOCS proteins, since the key players that are involved in the SOCS-mediated protein degradation pathway are also present in the Asb-9-CKB complex, specifically Cullin-5 and Elongins B and C. The SH2-containing SOCS proteins target key signaling proteins, such as the Janus kinases and receptors for degradation by the proteasome, thereby attenuating cytokine and tyrosine kinase receptor signaling. Our results demonstrate that, similarly to the other SOCS box-containing proteins, specific interaction between Asb-9 and CKB occurs independently of the SOCS box and that the interaction of Asb-9 with CKB leads to a SOCS box-dependent polyubiquitylation of CKB and a decline in cellular CKB levels. Furthermore, recent studies suggest that Asb proteins regulate a number of biological processes by this mechanism (25, 26). For example, Asb-3 was reported to attenuate TNF-R2 signaling by directly targeting TNF-R2 for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Cellular responses, such as TNF-R2-mediated Jun N-terminal kinase activation and apoptosis in response to TNF-{alpha}, were inhibited by Asb-3 (25).

In this paper, we report that Asb-9 is expressed in murine testes and kidneys with low expression in heart and liver. The expression pattern of CKB overlaps with that of Asb-9 in some tissues but is most highly expressed in tissues with high and fluctuating energy demands, such as the brain. We could not detect Asb-9 mRNA in murine brain in our studies, although expression has been reported in the hypothalamus (GenBankTM accession number BB173163 [GenBank] .1). Interestingly, a detailed investigation examining creatine kinase isoforms in the brain revealed that CKB was expressed selectively in astrocytes among glial populations and was exclusive to inhibitory neurons among neuronal populations (45). CKB expression was very low in excitatory neurons. It was proposed that low CKB expression in excitatory neurons could be due to an increased turnover rate of CKB in these cells (45). It remains to be examined whether Asb-9 contributes to this highly regulated cellular distribution of creatine kinase enzymes. Antibodies generated in this study could be further optimized to allow the analysis of possible interactions between Asb-9 and CKB in brain as well as other tissues.

CKB is overexpressed in a wide range of solid tumors and tumor cell lines and has been used as a prognostic marker of cancer and metastasis, although this application remains controversial (27). The CKB gene is positively regulated by the oncogene E1a and negatively regulated by the tumor suppressor gene, p53 (29, 32). Also, many growth factors and hormones, such as estrogen, stimulate CKB activity and expression (46, 47). Estrogen has been shown to highly induce expression of creatine kinase B in the female rat reproductive tract as well as in human breast tumors and tissues (48). It is not known which factors induce the expression of Asb-9, but it is possible that regulators of CKB might also exert effects on Asb-9 activity and expression. It has been proposed that the CK system is involved in tumor growth through regulation of ATP production or modulation in an as yet undefined manner. Molecules that disrupt this system may have an impact on tumor growth or progression. Given the interaction of Asb-9 with CKB and implied roles of Asb-2 and Asb-8 in cancer, it is tempting to speculate that Asb-9 may also have a role in tumor development, but this will require further study.


Figure 8
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  		FIGURE 8.
Degradation of CKB is enhanced by Asb-9 co-expression. A, Asb-9 co-expression enhances the degradation of CKB in vitro. 293T cells were transfected with MYC-tagged CKB (0.5µg) and either pEFBOS vector, FLAG-tagged Asb-9 or FLAG-tagged Asb-9/{Delta}SB plasmids (0.5 µg). At 48 h, cells were pulsed for 1 h with [35S]methionine labeling mixture and then chased for 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 24 h in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium with 10% fetal calf serum. Where indicated, cultures were treated prior to lysis with 10 nM PS341 overnight. Lysates were subjected to immunoprecipitation (IP) with anti-MYC antibody, and bands were visualized by a PhosphorImager. Images are representative of at least three independent experiments giving similar results. B, the extent of [35S]methionine-labeled CKB radioactivity was quantified by densitometry. As shown, the addition of PS341 prolongs CKB half-life when co-expressed with Asb-9. The graph was constructed from data obtained from at least three separate pulse-chase experiments.

 
It is clear that the physiological significance of the Asb-9-CKB interaction needs to be further examined. A thorough in vivo investigation utilizing genetically modified mouse models will extend the biochemical analyses presented in this paper. This work is currently in progress and will be essential in defining the biological setting of this novel interplay between Asb-9 and creatine kinase B.


Figure 9
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  		FIGURE 9.
Asb-9 induces SOCS box-dependent ubiquitylation of CKB. 293T cells were untransfected (lane 1), transfected with HA-ubiquitin (1.0 µg) (lane 2), transfected with HA-ubiquitin (0.5 µg) and MYC-CKB (0.5 µg) (lanes 3 and 6), transfected with HA-ubiquitin (0.5 µg), MYC-CKB (0.5 µg), and FLAG-Asb-9 (0.5 µg) (lanes 4 and 7) or FLAG-Asb-9/{Delta}SB (0.5 µg) (lanes 5 and 8). Where indicated, cultures were treated prior to lysis with 10 nM PS341 over-night. 48 h posttransfection, cells were lysed in Nonidet P-40 lysis buffer. Cell lysates were subjected to anti-MYC immunoprecipitation (IP), followed by immunoblotting (WB) with anti-HA antibody (A). The blot was then stripped and reprobed with anti-MYC antibody to show ubiquitinated forms of MYC-tagged CKB protein. Monoubiquitinated CKB forms were determined by calculating Rf values (calculations not shown) (B). Total cell lysates were subjected to immunoblot with anti-FLAG antibody to confirm expression of transfected FLAG-tagged proteins and anti-MYC to confirm expression of MYC-tagged CKB protein (C and D, respectively).

 


Figure 10
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  		FIGURE 10.
Asb-9 co-precipitates with creatine kinase B in testes. Lysate was prepared from the testes of C57BL/6 mice. CKB was immunoprecipitated (IP) with anti-CKB antibody. Following SDS-PAGE, the immunoprecipitates were analyzed by immunoblotting (WB) with anti-Asb-9. Anti-Asb-9 antibody detected FLAG-tagged Asb-9 (lane 1), endogenous Asb-9 in testes (lane 2), and an interaction between endogenous Asb-9 and creatine kinase B (lane 5).

 

   FOOTNOTES
 
* This work was supported by Australian National Health and Medical Research Council, Canberra, Australia Program Grant 257500; the Anti-Cancer Council of Victoria, Melbourne, Australia; the Australian Federal Government Cooperative Research Centers Program, Australia; and Zenyth Therapeutics Ltd., Melbourne, Australia. The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact. Back

1 Recipient of a Dora Lush Postgraduate Award from the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council. Back

2 To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel.: 61-3-9345-2555; Fax: 61-3-9347-0852; E-mail: hilton{at}wehi.edu.au.

3 The abbreviations used are: SOCS, suppressors of cytokine signaling; SH2, Src homology 2; E1, ubiquitin-activating enzyme; E2, ubiquitin carrier protein; E3, ubiquitin-protein isopeptide ligase; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; CK, creatine kinase; CKB, creatine kinase B; CKM, creatine kinase M; HA, hemagglutinin; ESI, electrospray ionization; IT, ion trap; MS, mass spectrometry; GST, glutathione S-transferase; PBS, phosphate-buffered saline. Back


   ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
 
We thank Helene Martin and Seth Masters for providing a partial cDNA clone for Asb-9.



   REFERENCES
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 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
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