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Originally published In Press as doi:10.1074/jbc.M706961200 on February 25, 2008

J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 283, Issue 17, 11575-11585, April 25, 2008
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Identification of Ubiquitin Ligase Activity of RBCK1 and Its Inhibition by Splice Variant RBCK2 and Protein Kinase Cβ*Formula

Kenji Tatematsu1, Nobuo Yoshimoto, Toshihide Okajima, Katsuyuki Tanizawa, and Shun'ichi Kuroda

From the Department of Structural Molecular Biology, The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan

Received for publication, August 20, 2007 , and in revised form, January 17, 2008.


   ABSTRACT
TOP
 ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
We previously identified a RING-IBR protein, RBCK1, as a protein kinase C (PKC) β- and {zeta}-interacting protein, and its splice variant, RBCK2, lacking the C-terminal half including the RING-IBR domain. RBCK1 has been shown to function as a transcriptional activator whose nuclear translocation is prevented by interaction with the cytoplasmic RBCK2. We here demonstrate that RBCK1, like many other RING proteins, also possesses a ubiquitin ligase (E3) activity and that its E3 activity is inhibited by interaction with RBCK2. Moreover, RBCK1 has been found to undergo efficient phosphorylation by PKCβ. The phosphorylated RBCK1 shows no self-ubiquitination activity in vitro. Overexpression of PKCβ leads to significant increases in the amounts of intracellular RBCK1, presumably suppressing the proteasomal degradation of RBCK1 through self-ubiquitination, whereas coexpression with PKC{alpha}, PKC{epsilon}, and PKC{zeta} shows no or little effect on the intracellular amount of RBCK1. Taken together, the E3 activity of RBCK1 is controlled by two distinct manners, interaction with RBCK2 and phosphorylation by PKCβ. It is possible that other RING proteins, such as Parkin, BRCA1, and RNF8, having the E3 activity, are also down-regulated by interaction with their RING-lacking splice variants and/or phosphorylation by protein kinases.


   INTRODUCTION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
RBCK1, a RING-IBR (RING-in between RING fingers) protein, was identified by the yeast two-hybrid screening of a rat brain cDNA library using protein kinase C (PKC)2 β as bait (1) and was shown to interact with not only PKCβ but also PKC{zeta}. RBCK1 consists of a ubiquitin-like sequence (1), a coiled-coil region, an novel zinc finger motif (2), another coiled-coil region, and a RING-IBR domain (3), arranged from the N to C terminus (see Fig. 1A). RBCK1 mRNA is ubiquitously expressed in normal rat tissues. RBCK1 possesses a transcriptional activity, and its RING-IBR domain interacts with DNA fragments containing a TGG-rich sequence, indicating that RBCK1 is a "transcriptional factor." The RING finger motif occurring around the middle of the whole sequence (RING1) is essential for the transcriptional activity of RBCK1, which is enhanced by coexpression with protein kinase A and significantly repressed by coexpression with extracellular signal-regulated kinase activator kinase 1 (MEK1) and MEK kinase 1 (MEKK1) (4). RBCK1 is localized in both the nucleus and cytoplasm (5), possessing a classical Leu-rich nuclear export signal as well as the nuclear localization signal. These intracellular localization signals, thus, allow the nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of RBCK1 (5). Furthermore, intranuclear RBCK1 colocalizes with a promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) and a CREB-binding protein (CBP) present in the nuclear bodies. The transcriptional activity of RBCK1 is up-regulated by interaction with CBP, whereas the CBP-enhanced activity is down-regulated by interaction with PML (5). RBCK2, lacking the C-terminal half of RBCK1 including the RING-IBR domain, was also identified as an alternative splice variant of RBCK1 (6). RBCK2 functions as an anchoring protein for the parental RBCK1 and represses its transcriptional activity by tethering it within the cytoplasm (7). On the other hand, another splice variant of RBCK1, named HOIL-1, was recently reported to be a ubiquitin ligase E3 (8). Furthermore, an autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism-related gene product, Parkin, also a RING-IBR protein, shows an E3 activity (9). These findings strongly suggest that RBCK1 functions not only as a transcriptional factor but also as a ubiquitin ligase E3.

In the ubiquitin-proteasome system, E3 plays a crucial role in the recognition of specific substrate protein and facilitates polyubiquitination of the substrate proteins by the help of ubiquitin-activating enzyme E1 and ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2. The polyubiquitinated substrate proteins are sorted to the proteasome for degradation (10). Conventional regulation of E3 activity is based on the modification of specific substrates. For example, the phosphorylated forms of I{kappa}B{alpha} and β-catenin are able to interact with an FWD1 subunit of the SCF complex (an E3 enzyme), which initiates polyubiquitination of I{kappa}B{alpha} and β-catenin (11, 12). Only the oxidized form of iron regulatory protein 2 (IRP2) associates with HOIL-1 and is degraded (8). On the other hand, there are only a few E3-interacting proteins that have so far been found to modulate the E3 activity. The E3 activities of MDM2 and the SCF complex are enhanced by phosphorylation with glycogen synthase kinase-3 (13) and modification of the Cul1 subunit by Nedd8 (14), respectively.

In this paper we demonstrate that RBCK1, reported previously as a transcriptional factor (1), also has a ubiquitin ligase E3 activity. Furthermore, we show that the E3 activity is inhibited by phosphorylation by PKCβ, similar to Parkin (15) and, more intriguingly, by interaction with its splice variant RBCK2.


   EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Plasmids—Plasmids pTB701-FLAG-RBCK1 and pTB701-HA-RBCK1 were described previously for mammalian expression of the N-terminal FLAG- and HA-tagged RBCK1 (FLAG-RBCK1 and HA-RBCK1), respectively (1, 16). A plasmid pTB701-FLAG-RBCK2 was described previously for mammalian expression of N-terminal FLAG-tagged RBCK2 (FLAG-RBCK2) (6). A plasmid pGEX-6T1-RBCK1 was also described previously for bacterial expression of the N-terminal glutathione S-transferase (GST)-fused RBCK1 (GST-RBCK1) (6). A plasmid pTB701-FLAG-RBCK1C293G was used for mammalian expression of N-terminal FLAG-tagged RING1-disrupted RBCK1 (FLAG-RBCK1C293G). A plasmid pTB701-FLAG-RBCK1 (ST mutant) used for mammalian expression of a multiple site-directed mutant of FLAG-RBCK1 containing Ala mutations at Ser-127, Thr-151, Thr-191, Ser-260, Thr-265, and Ser-275 was constructed from pTB701-FLAG-RBCK1 by using QuikChange® multisite-directed mutagenesis kit (Stratagene, La Jolla, CA). Similarly, FLAG-RBCK1 containing Asp mutation at Ser-127, Thr-151, or Thr-191 was expressed by using plasmid pTB701-FLAG-RBCK1S127D, pTB701-FLAG-RBCK1T151D, or pTB701-FLAG-RBCK1T191D. The expression plasmid pHT2 (Promega, Madison, WI) was used for the mammalian expression of N-terminal HaloTag protein (HT)-tagged FLAG-RBCK1 (HT-RBCK1). Plasmids pTB701-HA-PKC{alpha}, pTB701-HA-PKCβ, pTB701-HA-PKC{epsilon}, and pTB701-HA-PKC{zeta} were described previously for mammalian expression of the N-terminal HA-tagged PKCs (HA-PKC{alpha}, HA-PKCβ, HA-PKC{epsilon}, and HA-PKC{zeta}) (16). Plasmids pTB701-HA-PKCβKN and pTB70-HA-PKC{zeta}KN were used for mammalian expression of kinase negative mutants of HA-PKCβ (HA-PKCβKN) and HA-PKC{zeta} (HA-PKC{zeta}KN) (16, 17). Mammalian expression plasmids for N-terminal FLAG- and HA-tagged ubiquitin (FLAG-ubiquitin and HA-ubiquitin), pcDNA3.1(+)-FLAG-ubiquitin, and pcDNA3.1(+)-HA-ubiquitin, respectively, were gifts from Dr. Keiji Tanaka.

Immunoprecipitation and Western Blot Analysis—HEK293 cells (~1 x 107 cells in 100-mm dish) were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium supplemented with 10% (v/v) fetal bovine serum at 37 °C under humidified air with 5% CO2. The cells were transfected with plasmids by electroporation or a FuGENE 6 reagent (Roche Diagnostics). The transfected cells were cultured for 60 h, washed twice with PBS, and suspended in 1 ml of the lysis buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl at pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl, 0.1% (v/v) Triton X-100, 1 mM dithiothreitol (DTT), 50 mM NaF, 1 mM Na3VO4, and 1 tablet of CompleteTM protease inhibitor mixture (Roche Diagnostics) per 50 ml). The cleared lysate was incubated with 10 µg of an anti-FLAG mouse monoclonal antibody M2 (Sigma) or an anti-HA mouse monoclonal antibody 12CA5 (Roche Diagnostics) on ice for 60 min and incubated with 50 µl of protein G-Sepharose 4 (50% (v/v) slurry) (GE Healthcare) at 4 °C for 30 min. The beads were washed 4 times with 1 ml of lysis buffer, resuspended in 30 µl of Laemmli sample buffer, subjected to SDS-PAGE, and transferred to a polyvinylidene difluoride membrane (Millipore, Billerica, MA). Western blot analyses for epitope-tagged proteins were carried out with a horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated anti-HA mouse monoclonal antibody (dilution, 1:5000) (Roche Diagnostics) or an HRP-conjugated anti-FLAG mouse monoclonal antibody (dilution, 1:5000) (Sigma). Each PKC subtype was analyzed by using an anti-PKC{alpha} mouse monoclonal antibody (dilution, 1:1,000) (BD Biosciences), an anti-PKCβ mouse monoclonal antibody (dilution, 1:400) (BD Biosciences), an anti-PKC{epsilon} mouse monoclonal antibody (dilution, 1:1000) (BD Biosciences), or an anti-PKC{zeta} mouse monoclonal antibody (dilution, 1:3000) (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA) as a primary antibody and an HRP-conjugated anti-mouse IgG goat antibody (GE Healthcare) as a secondary antibody (dilution, 1:3000). HaloTag protein was analyzed by using anti-HaloTag rabbit polyclonal antibody (dilution, 1:1000) (Promega) as a primary antibody and an HRP-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG donkey antibody (GE Healthcare) as a secondary antibody (dilution, 1:5000). Some membranes were stripped in Western blot stripping solution (Nacalai Tesque, Kyoto, Japan) and then reprobed by using an anti-β-tubulin mouse monoclonal antibody (dilution 1:1000) (Sigma) as a primary antibody and an HRP-conjugated anti-mouse IgG goat antibody (GE Healthcare Bio-Science) as a secondary antibody (dilution, 1:3000). Immunoreactive bands were visualized by the enhanced chemiluminescence method with an ECL Plus (GE Healthcare) according to the manufacture's protocol.

Cycloheximide Chase Assay—HEK293 cells (~5 x 105 cells in a 12-well plate) were transfected with 0.5 µg of pTB701-FLAG-RBCK1 by FuGENE 6 reagent, cultured for 40 h, and treated with cycloheximide (100 µg/ml) for 4, 8, and 24 h. MG132 (50 µM) was added to the medium to see the effect of proteasomal degradation. The cells were washed twice with PBS and suspended in 50 µl of the lysis buffer, and the lysate was subjected to Western blot analysis. The relative amount of FLAG-RBCK1 was estimated by chemiluminescence using a Quantity One one-dimensional analysis software (Bio-Rad).

Pulse-Chase Assay—HEK293 cells (~5 x 105 cells in 12-well plates) were transfected by FuGENE 6 reagent with 0.5 µg of pHT2-RBCK1 and either 2 µg of pTB701-FLAG-RBCK2, 0.5 µg of pTB701-HA-PKCβ, or 0.5 µg of pTB701-HA-PKC{zeta}, cultured for 40 h, incubated with 5 µM HaloTag-tetramethylrhodamine ligand (Promega) for 15 min to allow the pulse labeling of HT-RBCK1, and washed twice with PBS. After the incubation for the indicated times, the cells were washed twice with PBS and suspended in 30 µl of lysis buffer. The cleared lysate (10 µl) was subjected to SDS-PAGE, and the HaloTag-tetramethylrhodamine ligand-labeled HT-RBCK1 was visualized with a fluoro-image analyzer FLA-3000G (FUJI FILM, Tokyo, Japan).

In Vitro Ubiquitin Ligase Assay—GST-RBCK1 was purified from Escherichia coli BL21 expressing GST-RBCK1 by using a glutathione-Sepharose 4B (GE Healthcare) column (5 x 10 mm). The ubiquitination reaction of GST-RBCK1 (1 µg) or the immunoprecipitated FLAG-tagged RBCK1 was carried out with E1 (100 ng, Boston Biochem, Cambridge, MA) and UbcH7 (400 ng, Boston Biochem) in 15 µl of the reaction mixture (20 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.4), 5 mM MgCl2, 1 mM DTT, 5 µg of ubiquitin/HA tagged-ubiquitin (Boston Biochem), 1 mM ATP, 5 mM creatine phosphate, and 5 µg of creatine kinase (Calbiochem)) for 60 min at 37 °C. Reactions were stopped by boiling with Laemmli sample buffer. The samples including ubiquitin were separated by SDS-PAGE and analyzed by Western blot using an anti-ubiquitin mouse monoclonal antibody P4D1 (dilution, 1:100) (Santa Cruz Biotechnology) as a primary antibody and an HRP-conjugated anti-mouse IgG goat antibody (dilution, 1:3000) (GE Healthcare) as a secondary antibody. HA-tagged ubiquitin was also detected using an anti-HA rat polyclonal antibody (dilution, 1:1000) (Roche Diagnostics) and an HRP-conjugated anti-rat IgG goat antibody (dilution, 1:1000) (GE Healthcare Bio-Science). The same membrane was reprobed by using an anti-RBCK1 rabbit polyclonal antibody (5) as a primary antibody and an HRP-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG donkey antibody (GE Healthcare Bio-Science) as a secondary antibody (dilution, 1:5000).

Phosphatase Treatment of RBCK1—The immunoprecipitated FLAG-tagged RBCK1 (25 µl as semi-dried beads) was mixed with 75 µl of the dephosphorylation reaction mixture (4 units of protein phosphatase 2A (Promega), 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.5), 20 mM MgCl2, 1 mM DTT) and incubated at 30 °C for 30 min. The beads were washed 3 times with 1 ml of lysis buffer and subjected to the in vitro ubiquitin ligase assay.

Reverse Transcription-PCR Analysis of FLAG-RBCK1 mRNA—HEK293 cells (about 1 x 107 cells) were cotransfected with the indicated amounts (see Fig. 2B) of pTB701-FLAG-RBCK1 and pTB701-FLAG-RBCK2 and cultured for 40 h. Total RNA was purified by using Gene Elute Mammalian Total RNA Miniprep kit (Sigma) according to manufacturer's protocol, and the possible contamination of plasmids was eliminated by the on-column DNA digestion with the mixture of DNase I (Sigma) and DNase digest buffer (Sigma). Total RNA (100 ng) was amplified by using FullVelocity SYBR Green QRT-PCR Master Mix (Stratagene) with the sense (nucleotides 750-770 of RBCK1) and antisense (nucleotides 905-929 of RBCK1) primers. PCR was carried out with 25 cycles of a 2-step reaction (denaturing at 95 °C, annealing and elongation at 60 °C), and the PCR products were separated by using 4% (w/v) agarose gel electrophoresis followed by the staining with ethidium bromide.

In Vivo 32P-Labeling—HEK293 cells (~1 x 106 cells in a 60-mm dish) were transfected with 3 µg of pTB701-FLAG-RBCK1 by electroporation, cultured for 48 h in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), washed twice with PBS, incubated for 6 h with phosphate-free DMEM containing 0.1% FBS, and labeled with phosphate-free DMEM containing 4.3 MBq of [32P]orthophosphate and 10% FBS (dialyzed) for 12 h. The cells were suspended in 0.5 ml of the lysis buffer, and cleared lysate was subjected to immunoprecipitation analysis using an anti-FLAG mouse monoclonal antibody. The samples were separated by SDS-PAGE and autoradiographed using a Cyclone Phospho Imager (PerkinElmer Life Sciences).

In Vivo Phosphorylation Analysis of RBCK1 with Phos-Tag Acrylamide Gel Electrophoresis—In the Mn2+-Phos-tag-modified acrylamide gel (18), the phosphorylated proteins migrate slower than non-phosphorylated protein by the interaction of phosphate groups with Mn2+-Phos-tag. HEK293T cells overexpressing either FLAG-RBCK1 or FLAG-RBCK1 (ST mutant) were treated with or without 1 µM okadaic acid in culture medium for 30 min. The cell lysates were subjected to the Mn2+-Phos-tag SDS-PAGE (8% polyacrylamide gel including 50 µM MnCl2 and 50 µM Phos-tag acrylamide (NARD Institute, Ltd. Hyogo, Japan)) and analyzed by Western blotting using an HRP-conjugated anti-FLAG antibody.

In Vitro Phosphorylation Assay—RBCK1 was excised from GST-RBCK1 using PreScission ProteaseTM (GE Healthcare) and purified by passing through a glutathione-Sepharose 4B column. Either RBCK1 (0.5 µg), UbcH7 (0.5 µg), or E1 (0.5 µg) was mixed with PKCβII (Sigma) in the phosphorylation reaction mixture (20 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.4), 5 mM MgCl2, phosphatase inhibitor mixture 1 (Sigma), and 25 mM [{gamma}-32P]ATP (2.3 x 1016 Bq/mol)) and incubated at 37 °C for 30 min. The reaction mixtures were boiled with Laemmli sample buffer, subjected to SDS-PAGE, and then analyzed by autoradiography.

Identification of the Phosphorylation Site in RBCK1 by Mass Spectrometry—The RBCK1 phosphorylated in vitro by PKCβII was digested in-solution by endoproteinase Glu-C or in-gel by the combination of trypsin and endoproteinase Glu-C or trypsin alone. The digested products of RBCK1 were subjected to matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer.

In-solution digestion was carried out as follows. A solution containing 2 µg of RBCK1 was reduced with DTT (final concentration, 10 mM) for 1 h at 56 °C and then alkylated with iodoacetamide (final concentration, 40 mM) for 45 min at room temperature in the dark. Subsequently, the solution was diluted with the same volume of 100 mM NH4HCO3 and added with endoproteinase Glu-C (0.1 µg/µl). Digestion was performed overnight, and the peptide solution was dried up to 10 µl under reduced pressure. The peptide mixture was purified using ZipTip pipette tips (Millipore, Billerica, MA) containing C18 reversed-phase resins according to the manufacturer's protocol.

In-gel digestion was carried out as follows. The phosphorylated RBCK1 was separated by SDS-PAGE and stained with Coomassie Brilliant Blue. The stained band was excised from the gel, cut into pieces, washed twice with 50 mM NH4HCO3 in 50% (v/v) acetonitrile, and dehydrated in 100% acetonitrile. The protein sample was reduced with 10 mM DTT in 100 mM NH4HCO3 for 1 h at 56 °C and alkylated with 55 mM iodoacetamide in 100 mM NH4HCO3 for 45 min at room temperature in the dark. Subsequently, the gel pieces were washed twice for 5 min alternately with 100 mM NH4HCO3 and acetonitrile and then completely dried up under reduced pressure. Appropriate volumes of trypsin solution (25 ng/µl trypsin in 50 mM NH4HCO3) were added to the dried gel pieces. After incubation overnight at 37 °C, the supernatant containing digested peptides was transferred to a new tube. The remaining peptides in gel pieces were eluted with the solution containing 50% (v/v) acetonitrile and 5% (v/v) formic acid. The recovered peptides from the gels were combined into the same tube and were dried up to 10 µl under reduced pressure. The trypsin-digested sample was further diluted with 100 mM NH4HCO3 and added with endoproteinase Glu-C (0.1 µg/µl). The second digestion was also performed overnight, and the peptide solution was dried up to 10 µl under reduced pressure. The peptide mixture was purified using ZipTip pipette tips (Millipore) containing C18 reversed-phase resins according to the manufacturer's protocol.


Figure 1
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  		FIGURE 1.
In vivo interaction of RBCK1 with ubiquitinated proteins and self-ubiquitination activity of RBCK1. A, molecular organization of RBCK1. Amino acid residue numbers of the start and end of each motif are indicated. Ubl, ubiquitin-like; CC, coiled-coil; NZF, novel zinc finger; RING1, the first RING finger; IBR, in-between-RING finger; RING2, the second RING finger. Black and white pins indicate the PKCβ-phosphorylation sites identified (Ser-127, Thr-151, and Thr-191) and predicted (either one of Ser-260, Thr-265, and Ser-275) in this study, respectively. B, HEK293 cells coexpressing FLAG-RBCK1 and HA-ubiquitin were cultured for 60 h and treated with MG132 for 3 or 8 h. The anti-FLAG immunoprecipitates (IP) obtained from the cell lysates were analyzed by Western blotting with an anti-HA antibody (top panel) and an anti-FLAG antibody (middle panel). The anti-HA immunoprecipitates were analyzed by Western blotting with an anti-HA antibody (bottom panel). C, HEK293 cells coexpressing HA-ubiquitin (HA-Ub) and either FLAG-RBCK1 or FLAG-RBCK1C293G were processed as described in panel B, except that the amount of samples used was increased by 6-fold. D, HEK293 cells expressing RBCK1 were treated with cycloheximide (CHX) with or without MG132 for the indicated times. The cell lysates were analyzed by Western blotting with an anti-FLAG antibody (top panels) and an anti-β-tubulin antibody (middle panels). Relative amounts of FLAG-RBCK1 were measured with the densitometric intensities of bands (bottom panel). The values are obtained from six sets of independent experiments. Error bars indicate a 95% confidence interval.

 
The eluted peptide solution was placed on a MALDI target plate, mixed with a matrix (2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid; Sigma), and analyzed by an oMALDI-Qq-TOF MS/MS QSTAR Pulsar i (Applied Biosystems, Foster, CA) in the linear positive ion mode. The spectral data were analyzed for peptide identification by peptide mass fingerprinting using a MASCOT Version 1.9 (Matrix Science Ltd., London, UK) with NCBInr data base.

Immunocytochemical Analysis—HEK293 (~5 x 104 cells in a 35-mm glass-bottom dish) cells transfected with either pTB701-HA-PKCβ or TB701-HA-PKCβKN were cultured for 72 h, washed twice with PBS, fixed with 100% (v/v) methanol at -20 °C for 20 min, washed twice again with PBS, permeabilized with PBS containing 0.15% (v/v) Triton X-100 for 30 min at room temperature, and blocked with PBS containing 1% (w/v) bovine serum albumin for 30 min at room temperature. Endogenous RBCK1 was visualized with an anti-RBCK1 rabbit polyclonal antibody (5) as a primary antibody (dilution, 1:50) and a Cy3-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG goat antibody (GE Healthcare) as a secondary antibody (dilution, 1:500). Overexpressed HA-PKCβ was detected with an anti-HA mouse monoclonal antibody 12CA5 as a primary antibody (dilution, 1:400) and a Cy2-labeled anti-mouse IgG goat antibody (GE Healthcare) as a secondary antibody (dilution, 1:500). Fluorescence of the cells was observed under an LSM 5 Pascal confocal laser scan microscope (Carl Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany).


   RESULTS
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Interaction of RBCK1 with Ubiquitinated Proteins and Self-ubiquitination Activity—UIP28, a mouse orthologue of RBCK1, was reported to interact with a ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme UbcM4/UbcH7 (E2) (19). HOIL-1, a splice variant of human RBCK1, was also shown to work as ubiquitin ligase (E3) for IRP2 (8). Moreover, the novel zinc finger motif of RBCK2 was found to interact with ubiquitinated proteins (2); the motif is shared by RBCK1 (see Fig. 1A). We, therefore, investigated whether RBCK1 interacts with a substrate protein for polyubiquitination, as reported for Parkin (9) and other E3 proteins (20-22). Both HA-ubiquitin and FLAG-RBCK1 were coexpressed in HEK293 cells in the presence or absence of the proteasome inhibitor MG132. In the anti-FLAG immunoprecipitates containing RBCK1, the amount of ubiquitinated proteins was significantly increased after 3 h of the MG132 treatment (Fig. 1B, top panel). Because self-ubiquitinated RBCK1 was hardly observed in the immunoprecipitates (middle panel), the major portion of the ubiquitinated proteins observed in the anti-FLAG immunoprecipitates was considered to be other ubiquitinated proteins bound to RBCK1 rather than the self-ubiquitinated RBCK1. Nevertheless, the amount of RBCK1 was also increased several fold by the incubation with MG132 for 8 h (middle panel), suggesting that RBCK1 itself is degraded as well by proteasome. To confirm self-ubiquitination of RBCK1 within the cells, a 6-fold amount of the anti-FLAG immunoprecipitates used in Fig. 1B was analyzed by Western blotting using anti-HA and anti-FLAG antibodies. As shown in Fig. 1C, RBCK1 was indeed found to be mono- and slightly di-ubiquitinated. When the RING1-disrupted RBCK1 mutant (FLAG-RBCK1C293G) was examined, it was scarcely ubiquitinated (Fig. 1C), indicating that the RING1 finger plays an important role in the self-ubiquitination of RBCK1. Next, HEK293 cells expressing FLAG-RBCK1 were treated with cycloheximide (CHX) to block the protein synthesis (Fig. 1D). After 24 h, the amount of RBCK1 was significantly reduced by about 75% (left panels), whereas the reduction was rescued by the addition of MG132 (right panels). This result indicated that self-ubiquitinated RBCK1 is processed by the proteasomal degradation.


Figure 2
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  		FIGURE 2.
In vitro self-ubiquitination activity of RBCK1 and its inhibition by RBCK2. A, the purified GST-RBCK1 was incubated with ubiquitin (Ub), E1, and UbcH7 in the presence or absence of the purified RBCK2. Molar ratios of RBCK2 to RBCK1 are indicated in the upper margin. Self-ubiquitinated RBCK1 was analyzed by Western blotting with an anti-ubiquitin antibody (top panel). The same membrane was reprobed with an anti-RBCK1 antibody, which also reacts with RBCK2 (5) (middle and bottom panels). B, HEK293 cells (about 1 x 107 cells) were cotransfected with the indicated amounts (µg) of pTB701-FLAG-RBCK1 and pTB701-FLAG-RBCK2. The cell lysates were subjected to Western blotting with an anti-FLAG antibody (top panel), and the membrane was reprobed with an anti-β-tubulin antibody (middle panel). The mRNA level of RBCK1 was validated by reverse transcription-PCR using the total RNA as a template (third panel). C, HEK293 cells (about 1 x 107 cells) were transfected with 2 µg of pTB701-FLAG-RBCK1 with or without 8 µg of pTB701-FLAG-RBCK2, cultured for 60 h, and treated with 50 µM MG132 for 8 h. The cell lysates were subjected to Western blotting with an anti-FLAG antibody (top panel), and the membrane was reprobed with an anti-β-tubulin antibody (bottom panel). The relative amounts of FLAG-RBCK1 were measured with densitometric intensities of bands and indicated below.

 
In Vitro Self-ubiquitination Activity of RBCK1—Proteins tagged with the Lys-48-linked poly-ubiquitin chain are generally sorted to the 26 S proteasome and then degraded immediately (23). UIP28, a mouse orthologue of RBCK1, was shown to interact with UbcM4/UbcH7 (E2), which can catalyze the generation of the poly-ubiquitin chain through formation of an isopeptide bond between the {epsilon}-amino group of Lys-48 and the carboxyl group of the C-terminal Gly residue of ubiquitin molecules (23, 24). Because the RING-IBR domain of HOIL-1 is also contained in RBCK1 (25), RBCK1 is postulated to be an E3 enzyme cooperating with UbcH7 as an E2. To investigate this possibility, the purified GST-RBCK1 was mixed with the purified forms of ubiquitin, a ubiquitin-activating enzyme E1, and the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme UbcH7. After 1 h of incubation, the samples were separated by SDS-PAGE and analyzed by Western blotting with an anti-ubiquitin antibody (Fig. 2A, top panel). The ubiquitinated proteins were observed as ladder bands in the mixture of E1, UbcH7, and GST-RBCK1 (third lane) but not in the samples without GST-RBCK1 or UbcH7 (first and second lanes). The molecular masses of ladder bands were 92-, 100-, and 108-kDa (from bottom to top), likely corresponding with those of mono-ubiquitinated GST-RBCK1 (calculated Mr, 92,090), di-ubiquitinated GST-RBCK1 (calculated Mr, 100,637), and tri-ubiquitinated GST-RBCK1 (calculated Mr, 109,184), respectively. More than 110-kDa proteins were considered as poly-ubiquitinated GST-RBCK1. To confirm the in vitro self-ubiquitination of RBCK1, the membrane was stripped and then reprobed with an anti-RBCK1 antibody (middle panel). Similarly, mono-ubiquitinated GST-RBCK1 was observed in the sample containing E1, UbcH7, and GST-RBCK1 (third lane). Probably due to the difference in the number of antigen (RBCK1 or ubiquitin) in the poly-ubiquitinated GST-RBCK1 molecule, the GST-RBCK1 conjugated with more than three ubiquitin molecules, if any, could be detected with an anti-ubiquitin antibody but not with an anti-RBCK1 antibody. These results have, thus, corroborated that RBCK1 functions as an E3 enzyme and catalyzes the self-ubiquitination.

Inhibition of Self-ubiquitination Activity of RBCK1 by RBCK2—The RING finger is believed to be essential for the E3 activity of various RING proteins (9, 26). In agreement with this, RBCK2, a splice variant of RBCK1 lacking the RING-IBR domain, showed no self-ubiquitination activity in the in vitro self-ubiquitination assay (Fig. 2A, bottom panel, seventh lane). On the other hand, RBCK2 was demonstrated to interact with the N-terminal half of RBCK1 in vitro and in vivo (7), and so the effect of RBCK2 on the E3 activity of RBCK1 was investigated by the in vitro self-ubiquitination assay. As shown in Fig. 2A (top and middle panels, lanes fourth through sixth panels), the purified RBCK2 inhibited the self-ubiquitination activity of RBCK1 in a dose-dependent manner. A 4-fold molar excess of RBCK2 is sufficient to inhibit the E3 activity of RBCK1 and the formation of not only poly- but also mono-, di-, and tri-ubiquitin (sixth lane). This result indicates that RBCK2 inhibits the ubiquitinating activity of RBCK1. Lower concentrations of RBCK2 efficiently inhibited the formation of poly-ubiquitin chains (more than tetra-ubiquitin) by RBCK1 (top panel), which may be caused by the insufficient ubiquitinating activity of RBCK1 for the elongation of poly-ubiquitin chain. When the effect of RBCK2 on the intracellular amount of RBCK1 was examined using HEK293 cells, the amount of expressed RBCK1 protein was increased markedly in parallel with the amount of the FLAG-RBCK2 plasmid DNA used (Fig. 2B, top panel). As a positive control, the MG132 treatment also increased the amount of FLAG-RBCK1 (Fig. 2C, third lane). The amount of RBCK1 mRNA was not influenced by the overexpression of RBCK2 (Fig. 2B, bottom panel), thus, most likely RBCK2 preventing the degradation of RBCK1. Furthermore, the in vivo half-life of RBCK1 was measured by the pulse-chase assay using HaloTag (HT) and HaloTag-tetramethylrhodamine ligand (27). HEK293 cells expressing HT-tagged RBCK1 (HT-RBCK1) with or without RBCK2 were treated with HaloTag-tetramethylrhodamine ligand, and the lysate was subjected to SDS-PAGE followed by Western blot analysis using a fluor-image analyzer (see the supplemental figure). It was revealed that the half-life of HT-RBCK1 was clearly extended by the overexpression of RBCK2. It is, thus, strongly suggested that the E3 activity of RBCK1 is negatively controlled by interaction with RBCK2 within the cells. Recently, homodimerization of a RING-containing E3 enzyme is proposed to be important for exhibiting its activity (28-30). RBCK2 may interfere with the putative homodimerization of RBCK1 by forming a heterodimer with RBCK1, as discussed below.

Phosphorylation of RBCK1 by PKCβ and Inhibition of Self-ubiquitination Activity—RBCK1 was originally isolated as a PKCβ-interacting protein (1). To study whether RBCK1 is phosphorylated within the cells, the HEK293 cells overexpressing FLAG-RBCK1 were cultured in the medium containing 32P-labeled phosphate, and incorporation of 32P into RBCK1 was examined by SDS-PAGE of the anti-FLAG immunoprecipitates followed by autoradiography. As an unequivocal result, RBCK1 was found to be significantly phosphorylated (Fig. 3A). We then investigated whether PKCβ phosphorylates RBCK1 and also whether this phosphorylation affects the self-ubiquitination activity of RBCK1 in the cells. Before the in vivo experiments, the possibility of phosphorylation of RBCK1, E1, and UbcH7 (E2) by PKCβ was examined in vitro (Fig. 3B). The amount of PKCβ added was 20 mol % of each substrate (i.e. RBCK1, E1, and UbcH7). Although neither E1 nor UbcH7 was phosphorylated, RBCK1 was well phosphorylated by PKCβ in vitro. After a prolonged reaction time (about 1.5 h), by comparing the densitometric intensities of the radioactive bands of RBCK1 (see Fig. 3B, top left panel, second lane) with those of radioactive spots derived from known amounts of phosphate, ~10.7 pmol of phosphate was incorporated in 8.9 pmol of RBCK1, indicating about 1.2 mol of phosphate per mol of RBCK1. These data indicate that RBCK1 is a good substrate of PKCβ, phosphorylating at least one Ser/Thr residue in RBCK1. Next, the purified PKCβ was incubated with the purified forms of E1, UbcH7, and GST-RBCK1 in the presence of ubiquitin and an ATP regenerating system (Fig. 4A). Co-incubation with PKCβ in the ubiquitination assay mixture was found to prevent almost entirely the self-ubiquitination of RBCK1 (fourth lane). Because the amount of added PKCβ was only 5 mol % of GST-RBCK1 used in the assay, it is strongly suggested that the self-ubiquitinating activity of RBCK1 is inhibited directly as a consequence of phosphorylation by PKCβ but not indirectly through the complex formation with PKCβ.


Figure 3
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  		FIGURE 3.
Phosphorylation of RBCK1 by PKCβ. A, HEK293 cells (about 1 x 105 cells) overexpressing FLAG-RBCK1 were cultured in the medium containing 32P-labeled phosphate. The anti-FLAG immunoprecipitates (IP) obtained from the cell lysates were separated by SDS-PAGE and autoradiographed. IgG L, immunoglobulin G light chain. B, the purified forms of RBCK1, E1, and UbcH7 were incubated with PKCβ in the buffer containing [{gamma}-32P]ATP at 37 °C for 30 min. The mixtures were subjected to SDS-PAGE, autoradiographed (top panels) and stained with Coomassie Brilliant Blue R-250 (CBB) (bottom panels).

 
Determination of Phosphorylation Site(s) in RBCK1—The in vitro PKCβ-phosphorylated RBCK1 was used for determination of the phosphorylation site(s). As described under "Experimental Procedures," the phosphorylated RBCK1 was digested in-solution by endoproteinase Glu-C or in-gel by the combination of trypsin and endoproteinase Glu-C or trypsin alone, and the generated peptides were analyzed by tandem mass spectrometry. In the first mass spectrum obtained with a quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer, five peptides were found to contain a phosphate group as judged from the mass increase of 80 Da (Table 1). Amino acid sequences of peptides 1-4 were further analyzed by collision-induced dissociation and tandem mass spectrometry, in which a phosphorylated residue is detected by a 98-Da neutral loss of phosphoric acid (data not shown). In this way, Ser-127, Thr-151, and Thr-191 were finally determined as the phosphorylated residues (Table 1, peptides 1-4). In peptide 5 without successful collision-induced dissociation tandem mass sequence data, it could not be concluded that either one of the three residues (Ser-260, Thr-265, and Ser-275) was phosphorylated. To further examine whether these in vitro phosphorylated residues in RBCK1 include that (those) actually phosphorylated within the cells, all of the six identified Ser/Thr residues were mutated site-specifically into Ala. HEK293T cells expressing the resultant FLAG-RBCK1 (ST mutant) were incubated for 30 min with or without a phosphatase inhibitor okadaic acid, and the cell lysates were subjected to the Mn2+-Phos-tag SDS-PAGE (18) and then analyzed by Western blotting with an anti-FLAG antibody. Due to the interaction of a phosphate group with Mn2+-Phos-tag-modified polyacrylamide, a phosphorylated protein should migrate slower than a protein without suffering phosphorylation. The wild-type RBCK1 obtained from the cells treated with okadaic acid migrated more slowly than the RBCK1 (ST mutant) protein, whereas both proteins obtained from the cells without okadaic acid treatment migrated in nearly the same speed (Fig. 4B), showing that the wild-type RBCK1 had undergone phosphorylation within the cells more significantly than RBCK1 (ST mutant). This result suggests that the major site(s) of RBCK1 intracellularly phosphorylated is included among the six residues, Ser-127, Thr-151, Thr-191, Ser-260, Thr-265, and Ser-275, identified in the in vitro phosphorylation by PKCβ, although there may be a minor phosphorylation site beside these residues (Fig. 4B, see the right-most lane).


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  		TABLE 1
Determination of phosphorylation sites in RBCK1 Peptides 1–3 were obtained by in-gel digestion with the combination of trypsin and endoproteinase Glu-C, peptide 4 was obtained by in-solution digestion with endoproteinase Glu-C, and peptide 5 was obtained by in-gel digestion with trypsin (see "Experimental Procedures" for details of in vitro phosphorylation by PKCβ). Peptide mass [M + H]+ is expressed as a monoisotopic mass. The phosphorylation sites determined or predicted are underlined in the sequences. CM indicates the Cys residue modified by carbamidomethylation.

 
Inhibition of in Vitro Self-ubiquitination Activity of RBCK1 by Phosphorylation—The self-ubiquitination activity of RBCK1 (ST mutant) was measured with or without PKCβ in vitro. FLAG-RBCK1 or FLAG-RBCK1 (ST mutant) overexpressed in HEK293T cells was immunoprecipitated with an anti-FLAG antibody and incubated with HA-tagged ubiquitin, UbcH7, and PKCβ (Fig. 4C). As already shown in Fig. 4A, RBCK1 was not ubiquitinated in the presence of PKCβ (third lane), whereas RBCK1 (ST mutant) was efficiently ubiquitinated even in the presence of PKCβ (sixth lane). It is noteworthy that RBCK1 (ST mutant) is more heavily ubiquitinated (fifth lane) than RBCK1 (second lane) in the absence of PKCβ. Presumably, the wild-type RBCK1 is partially phosphorylated in HEK293T cells by endogenous protein kinases (see Figs. 3, A and B), by which the self-ubiquitination activity could be weaker than RBCK1 (ST mutant). Next, the FLAG-RBCK1 protein immunoprecipitated from HEK293T cells was treated with Ser/Thr-specific protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) and subjected to in vitro ubiquitin ligase assay (Fig. 4D). The protein phosphatase 2A treatment was found to enhance the self-ubiquitination activity of RBCK1 (third lane). Furthermore, each phosphorylated site (Ser-127, Thr-151, Thr-191; see above) was substituted with Asp, and its self-ubiquitination activity was measured in vitro (Fig. 4E). The T151D and T191D mutations suppressed the self-ubiquitination activity significantly (fourth lane) and partially (fifth lane), respectively, whereas no suppression was observed by the S127D mutation (third lane). Taken together, the Thr-151 residue is critical for the regulation of self-ubiquitination activity by PKCβ, and Thr-191 is partially involved in the regulation. The phosphorylation stoichiometry (1.2 mol of phosphate per mol of RBCK1; see above) is considered sufficient for the regulation by PKCβ.

Effects of Coexpression of PKC Isoforms on Intracellular Amount of RBCK1—FLAG-RBCK1 was overexpressed with or without coexpression of a PKC isoform ({alpha}, β, {epsilon}, or {zeta}) in HEK293 cells, and the intracellular amount of RBCK1 was measured by Western blotting with an anti-FLAG antibody (Fig. 5A). Based on the band intensities, coexpression of PKCβ resulted in about a 3.5-fold increase of the intracellular amount of RBCK1 (Fig. 5B). In contrast, coexpression of PKC{alpha}, PKC{epsilon}, or PKC{zeta} showed no or little effect on the amount of RBCK1. Although overexpression of the kinase negative mutant of PKCβ (PKCβKN) or PKC{zeta} (PKC{zeta}KN) was expected to reduce the amount of RBCK1 by its dominant-negative effect, there was no effect on the expression level of RBCK1, because the activities of endogenous PKCs seemed too high. These results indicated that PKCβ showed a dominant active effect, and the kinase activity of at least PKCβ positively contributes to the expression of RBCK1 in vivo. Moreover, the pulse-chase assay of RBCK1 corroborated that at least PKCβ prolongs the in vivo half-life of HT-RBCK1 presumably by its kinase activity (see the supplemental figure). Subsequently, either HA-PKCβ or HA-PKCβKN was overexpressed in HEK293 cells to see the effect on the endogenous RBCK1 by an immunocytochemical method using an anti-RBCK1 antibody (Fig. 6). As reported previously (5), endogenous RBCK1 was present in both the cytoplasm and nuclear bodies in all cells (panel B), whereas overexpressed PKCβ was localized evenly in the cytoplasm (panel A). It is intriguing to note that, as judged from the fluorescence intensities, expression of the endogenous RBCK1 was enhanced significantly in the cells overexpressing PKCβ (panel B, cf. peripheral cells without overexpressed PKCβ). The HA-PKCβKN did not affect the expression of endogenous RBCK1 (panel F). These results unequivocally show that overexpression of PKCβ, which shows dominant active effect, leads to the intracellular accumulation of both overexpressed and endogenous RBCK1. Collectively, RBCK1 interacts specifically with PKCβ within the cells and is phosphorylated by PKCβ, by which its self-ubiquitination activity is inhibited, leading to the intracellular accumulation of RBCK1 with its proteasomal degradation being prevented.


   DISCUSSION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
 
The RING finger is a protein motif that binds two zinc ions in a Cys/His-rich region and mediates protein-protein or protein-DNA interactions (31). More than 2000 RING finger-containing proteins have been reported so far (3); they possess both or either one of the transcriptional and ubiquitin ligase (E3) activities. As demonstrated here, a RING protein RBCK1, previously shown to possess a transcriptional activity (1), shuttling between the cytoplasm and nucleus (5), has also been found to exhibit a significant ubiquinating activity, which is inhibited by interaction with its splice variant RBCK2 or phosphorylation by PKCβ.


Figure 4
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  		FIGURE 4.
Inhibition of in vitro self-ubiquitination activity of RBCK1 by PKCβ. A, the purified GST-RBCK1 was incubated with ubiquitin (Ub), E1, UbcH7, and PKCβ. The reaction mixtures were subjected to Western blotting with an anti-Ub antibody. B, HEK293T cells expressing FLAG-RBCK1 or FLAG-RBCK1 (ST mutant) were treated with or without okadaic acid, and the cell lysates were subjected to the Mn2+-Phos-tag SDS-PAGE followed by Western blotting with an anti-FLAG antibody. C, the anti-FLAG immunoprecipitates containing FLAG-RBCK1 or FLAG-RBCK1 (ST mutant) were subjected to the in vitro ubiquitination assay with or without PKCβ. D, the anti-FLAG immunoprecipitates containing FLAG-RBCK1 were treated with or without protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) and subjected to the in vitro ubiquitination assay. E, the anti-FLAG immunoprecipitates containing FLAG-RBCK1 or its mutants were subjected to the in vitro ubiquitination assay. Wild, S127D, T151D, and T191D indicates FLAG-RBCK1, FLAG-RBCK1S127D, FLAG-RBCK1T151D, and FLAG-RBCK1T191D, respectively. The reaction mixtures were analyzed by Western blotting with an anti-HA antibody (top panels of C, D, and E) and an anti-FLAG antibody (bottom panels of C, D, and E).

 


Figure 5
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  		FIGURE 5.
Effects of PKC isoforms on the intracellular amount of RBCK1. A, HEK293 cells were cotransfected with the expression plasmids for FLAG-RBCK1 and either one of PKC{alpha}, PKCβ, PKC{epsilon}, PKC{zeta}, PKCβKN, and PKC{zeta}KN. The cell lysates were subjected to Western blotting with an anti-FLAG antibody (top panels) and an isoform-specific anti-PKC antibody (bottom panels). The membranes blotted with an anti-FLAG antibody were reprobed with an anti-β-tubulin antibody (middle panels). B, relative amounts of FLAG-RBCK1 were determined by densitometric analysis of the immuno-stained bands from six sets of independent experiments. Error bars indicate a 95% confidence interval.

 
It has been well established that the ubiquitin-proteasome system tags the target protein with poly-ubiquitin chains, and the poly-ubiquitinated proteins are mostly sorted to the 26 S proteasome and rapidly degraded. The ubiquitin-like motif of Parkin was reported to interact with ubiquitinated proteins (9) and the Rpn10 protein (32), a ubiquitin binding subunit of the 26 S proteasome. These interactions were supposed to facilitate the degradation of substrate proteins for Parkin. In this study we have shown that RBCK1 interacts with the ubiquitinated proteins (Fig. 1). It is possible that RBCK1 also interacts with the 26 S proteasome via its ubiquitin-like motif, and the ubiquitinated proteins may be directly transferred from RBCK1 to the 26 S proteasome. In the ubiquitin system, a RING-type E3 enzyme plays an important role for determining the substrate specificity and controlling the ubiquitinating activity of E2 enzyme. It is also known that certain RING-type E3 enzymes interact with themselves or other RING proteins that regulate the E3 activity. RBCK1 forms a homodimer (6), and its RING-IBR domain (from Cys-270 to His-498) interacts with itself.3 Thus, the RING finger of RBCK1 likely contributes to the homodimer formation. As reported previously, BRCA1 and BARD1 can form a homodimer through their RING fingers but preferentially form a heterodimer when they co-exist (33). The E3 activity of BRCA1 is enhanced by the heterodimerization with BARD1 (28, 33). MDM2 and MDMX also can form a homodimer or heterodimer through their RING fingers (29), and the E3 activity of MDM2 for p53 is increased by the heterodimerization (30). The E3 activity of Parkin is enhanced by the RING finger-derived U-box protein CHIP through the heterodimerization (34). Similarly, the E3 activity of RBCK1 may be enhanced by dimerization with itself or a certain other RING protein. We have shown here that RBCK2 inhibits the E3 activity of RBCK1. It has been reported that RBCK1 and RBCK2 compete with each other for interaction with RBCK1 (7). Therefore, RBCK2 inhibits the E3 activity of RBCK1 presumably by preventing the homodimerization of RBCK1. So far, many RING-lacking splice variants have been identified for RING proteins (e.g. Parkin, BRCA1, RNF8), whose function(s) remains to be uncovered. Like RBCK2, these splice variants may interact with their parental RING proteins and inhibit the E3 activity.


Figure 6
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  		FIGURE 6.
Accumulation of endogenous RBCK1 by overexpression of PKCβ. HEK293 cells were transfected with the expression plasmid for HA-PKCβ or HA-PKCβKN. Intracellular HA-PKCβ or HA-PKCβKN was stained with an anti-HA antibody and a Cy2-labeled secondary antibody (panels A and E). The endogenous RBCK1 was stained with an anti-RBCK1 antibody and a Cy3-labeled secondary antibody (panels B and F). The merged images are panels C and G. Panels D and H, Nomarski image. Scale bar, 10 µm.

 
Phosphorylation has recently been revealed to be important for the modulation of E3 activity in the ubiquitin-proteasome system. The in vivo E3 activity of MDM2, a member of RING-protein, is up-regulated by phosphorylation by glycogen synthase kinase-3 (13). Itch, a HECT-type E3 enzyme, is activated and inactivated by phosphorylation by JNK and Fyn, respectively (35, 36). In this study we have demonstrated that the E3 activity of RBCK1 is inhibited by phosphorylation by PKCβ, and the phosphorylated RBCK1 thereby accumulates without undergoing proteasomal degradation through the self-ubiquitination. On the other hand, HOIL-1, a human orthologue of RBCK1 splice variant containing a RING-IBR domain, is an E3 enzyme for IRP2 (8), a protein interacting with the mRNAs of ferritin and transferrin (37, 38). The intracellular amount of the complex of IRP2 and mRNA is increased by treatment with a PKC activator, phorbol ester (39, 40). Based upon our results, it is postulated that inhibition of the E3 activity of RBCK1/HOIL-1 by PKCβ increases the intracellular amount of IRP2. Taken together, RBCK1 may be involved in the degradation of some cytoplasmic proteins including IRP2, of which the E3 activity is negatively regulated by RBCK2 and PKCβ. Recently, the MG132 treatment of HEK293 cells was found to induce the nuclear localization of RBCK14 along with its poly-ubiquitination (Fig. 1). The nuclear RBCK1 possessing E3 activity may participate in the transcriptional regulation as discussed below.

A transcriptional coactivator p300 is a ubiquitin chain elongation factor (E4), which functions together with MDM2 (a RING-type E3 enzyme) and poly-ubiquitinates the transcription factor p53 for rapid degradation (41). A p300-homolog protein CBP is also postulated to possess an E4 activity (41). In our previous study, CBP has been shown to interact with RBCK1 and activates the transcriptional activity of RBCK1 in the nuclear bodies (5). The transcriptional activity of RBCK1 resides within the RING1 finger but not in the IBR or RING2 finger (4). As demonstrated here, the RING1 finger is also necessary for the E3 activity of RBCK1. It is likely that CBP and RBCK1 cooperatively ubiquitinate some transcriptional repressors in the nuclear bodies, and as a result, the transcription is activated. In addition, both CBP and RBCK1 interact with PML, which represses the CBP-enhanced transcriptional activity of RBCK1 in the nuclear bodies (5, 42). A RING protein, PML, has been reported to inhibit the E3 activity of MDM2 for p53 by interaction through their RING fingers (43, 44). PML may also inhibit the E3 activity of RBCK1, and as a result the transcriptional activity of RBCK1 is inhibited. Recently, the autoimmune regulator (AIRE) protein containing a RING-like zinc finger was shown to possess a ubiquitin ligase E3 activity (45), a DNA binding activity (46), and a transcriptional activity (47), which is enhanced by interaction with CBP (48). As proposed for RBCK1, AIRE may play similar roles for CBP. Thus, the transcriptional and E3 activities of RBCK1 are probably associated with each other in exhibiting the intracellular function(s) of RBCK1.

The E3 activity of RBCK1 demonstrated in this paper should provide new insight into the functions of various RING proteins involved in the ubiquitin-proteasome system and the transcriptional machinery. Furthermore, this is the first report revealing that the E3 activity of a RING-finger protein is regulated by its RING-lacking splice variant.


   FOOTNOTES
 
* This study was supported by a grant from the Inamori Foundation (to Ke. T.). The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact. Back

Formula The on-line version of this article (available at http://www.jbc.org) contains a supplemental figure. Back

1 To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel.: 81-6-6879-8461; Fax: 81-6-6879-8464; E-mail: kenji44{at}sanken.osaka-u.ac.jp.

2 The abbreviations used are: PKC, protein kinase C; E1, ubiquitin-activating enzyme; E2, ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme; E3 activity, ubiquitin (Ub) ligase activity; HT, HaloTag; KN, kinase negative; RING-IBR, RING-In between RING finger; IRP2, iron regulatory protein 2; PML, promyelocytic leukemia protein; CBP, cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB)-binding protein; GST, glutathione S-transferase; PBS, phosphate-buffered saline; DTT, dithiothreitol; HRP, horseradish peroxidase; HA, hemagglutinin; MALDI, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization. Back

3 K. Tatematsu, unpublished data. Back

4 N. Yoshimoto, K. Tatematsu, and S. Kuroda, submitted for publication. Back


   ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
 
We are grateful to Dr. Keiji Tanaka (The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science) for providing the pcDNA3.1(+)-FLAG-ubiquitin plasmid and his kind suggestion for the in vitro ubiquitination assay.



   REFERENCES
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 

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V. Ntoukakis, T. S. Mucyn, S. Gimenez-Ibanez, H. C. Chapman, J. R. Gutierrez, A. L. Balmuth, A. M. E. Jones, and J. P. Rathjen
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