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Originally published In Press as doi:10.1074/jbc.M708007200 on November 8, 2007

J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 283, Issue 4, 2307-2322, January 25, 2008
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Premelanosome Amyloid-like Fibrils Are Composed of Only Golgi-processed Forms of Pmel17 That Have Been Proteolytically Processed in Endosomes*

Dawn C. Harper{ddagger}, Alexander C. Theos{ddagger}§1, Kathryn E. Herman{ddagger}, Danièle Tenza, Graça Raposo, and Michael S. Marks{ddagger}2

From the {ddagger}Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6100, the §Department of Human Science, School of Nursing and Health Studies, Georgetown University, Washington, D. C. 20057, and the Section de Recherche, UMR-144 CNRS, Institut Curie, Paris Cedex 75248, France

Received for publication, September 25, 2007 , and in revised form, November 7, 2007.


   ABSTRACT
TOP
 ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Melanin pigments are synthesized within specialized organelles called melanosomes and polymerize on intraluminal fibrils that form within melanosome precursors. The fibrils consist of proteolytic fragments derived from Pmel17, a pigment cell-specific integral membrane protein. The intracellular pathways by which Pmel17 accesses melanosome precursors and the identity of the Pmel17 derivatives within fibrillar melanosomes have been a matter of debate. We show here that antibodies that detect Pmel17 within fibrillar melanosomes recognize only the luminal products of proprotein convertase cleavage and not the remaining products linked to the transmembrane domain. Moreover, antibodies to the N and C termini detect only Pmel17 isoforms present in early biosynthetic compartments, which constitute a large fraction of detectable steady state Pmel17 in cell lysates because of slow early biosynthetic transport and rapid consumption by fibril formation. Using an antibody to a luminal epitope that is destroyed upon modification by O-linked oligosaccharides, we show that all post-endoplasmic reticulum Pmel17 isoforms are modified by Golgi-associated oligosaccharide transferases, and that only processed forms contribute to melanosome biogenesis. These data indicate that Pmel17 follows a single biosynthetic route from the endoplasmic reticulum through the Golgi complex and endosomes to melanosomes, and that only fragments encompassing previously described functional luminal determinants are present within the fibrils. These data have important implications for the site and mechanism of fibril formation.


   INTRODUCTION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Melanin pigments function in photoprotection in the skin and ocular development and visual acuity in the eye. They are synthesized and stored within specialized lysosome-related organelles of melanocytes and ocular pigment epithelia called melanosomes (1, 2). Melanosomes bearing brown and black melanins, or eumelanins, develop within melanocytes through four morphologically distinct stages. Stage I and II melanosomes lack melanins and are characterized by the progressive development of intraluminal fibrillar striations, upon which melanins are deposited as they are synthesized in stages III and IV. The fibrils likely serve to detoxify oxidative melanin intermediates and concentrate them for storage (in ocular pigment cells) or for transfer to keratinocytes (in epidermal melanocytes) (3). The fibrils resemble amyloid both morphologically and structurally (4). Thus, understanding the nature of their formation may help to decipher mechanisms controlling pathological amyloid biogenesis.

The major biogenetic component of the melanosome fibrils is the pigment cell-specific protein, Pmel17 (also known as gp100 or SILV; referred to here as Pmel).3 Pmel is the only pigment cell-specific protein required for fibril formation, as its ectopic expression in non-pigment cells is sufficient to induce the formation of melanosome-like fibrils (5). Conversely, Pmel gene mutations are associated with hypopigmentation in several animal models (6-11), including silver mice (9) in which eumelanosomes are depleted of fibrils and altered in morphology (12). Pmel immunoreactivity is detected on fibrils in stage II melanosomes (13, 14), and Pmel fragments copurify with fibrils (15) or stage II melanosomes (16, 17) by subcellular fractionation. Finally, purified recombinant Pmel fragments produced in bacteria adopt a fibrillar conformation in vitro (4), suggesting that Pmel may be the sole component of the melanosome fibrils.

Although Pmel is clearly a critical component of melanosome fibrils, the mechanism by which Pmel adopts a fibrillar conformation in vivo remains unknown. To define this mechanism, it is critical to clearly understand Pmel biosynthetic trafficking within melanocytes to compartments in which fibrils form. Human Pmel is synthesized as a type I integral membrane protein with an N-terminal signal sequence, a large luminal domain, a single 24-residue membrane-spanning domain, and a 45-residue cytoplasmic domain (18-20). Four Pmel products with luminal domains of 525, 532, 567, and 574 residues result from alternatively spliced mRNAs (21-23), with the 567-residue form predominating in most melanocytic cells. As for other type I integral membrane proteins, the signal sequence is cleaved, and at least four core N-linked oligosaccharides are added to consensus attachment sites, presumably cotranslationally, in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) (5, 24). At least a fraction of Pmel traverses the Golgi complex, where some of the N-linked oligosaccharides are modified by resident mannosidases and glysosyltransferases to a complex form that is resistant to digestion in vitro by endoglycosidase H (EndoH) (5, 24) and where O-linked oligosaccharides are added, elaborated, and modified by sialic acid (25). At least a fraction of the mature form is cleaved into two fragments, referred to here as M{alpha} and Mβ, in a post-Golgi compartment (5) (likely endosomes; see Ref. 26) by a proprotein convertase (15). A small fraction of the resulting luminal fragment is secreted (5, 24). Pmel that accumulates in fibrillar stage II melanosomes is reactive with three commonly used antibodies, HMB45, HMB50, and NKI-beteb, all developed initially as melanoma markers (27). By immunoblotting, HMB45 recognizes predominantly proteolytic products that are derived from M{alpha} (25, 28) and that harbor sialic acid-containing oligosaccharides (25, 29, 30), suggesting that at least some Pmel17 within melanosomes is processed in the Golgi.

Although these aspects of Pmel biosynthesis are well accepted, the proposed fate of the majority of Pmel has remained controversial (3, 31, 32). Two different fates have been proposed. One model posits that fibril formation initiates on the internal membranes of multivesicular endosomes, subsequent to Pmel traversing the secretory pathway, including the Golgi complex, and accessing the early endosomal system (3, 26). This model assumes that all Pmel isoforms that exit the ER are processed by Golgi enzymes and cleaved by a proprotein convertase, such that only processed forms of the luminal M{alpha} fragment accumulate in fibril-containing subcellular compartments. Although full-length, immature Pmel, unprocessed by the Golgi, is the predominant form detected in whole cell lysates by immunoblotting, and Golgi-modified and proteolytically processed forms of Pmel are not recovered stoichiometrically by various methods, these features can be explained as follows: (i) a slow rate of folding (and hence slow ER release to downstream secretory compartments) balanced by (ii) a rapid loss of extractable Golgi-processed Pmel fragments to insoluble fibrils (15), rendered even more insoluble by deposition of melanin (33). The model is supported by quantitative immunoelectron microscopy analyses, in which uncleaved Pmel forms are detected throughout the Golgi and endosomes, but not in stage II melanosomes (5, 14, 15, 34), and by studies showing that pharmacologic or mutagenic inhibition of acidification, cleavage, or endosomal sorting interfere with fibril formation (5, 15, 26). The model is also consistent with an early ultrastructural study by Maul (35) showing melanosome fibrils forming in compartments contiguous with smooth tubular membranes in chick feather melanocytes. Although Maul (35) interpreted these membranes at the time to correspond to "smooth endoplasmic reticulum," the study predated a morphologic characterization of the endocytic pathway and the trans Golgi network, and the results would be more appropriately interpreted today to support either of these membrane systems as precursors to premelanosomes.

The second model posits that the majority of Pmel is targeted directly from the ER to immature stage I melanosomes, bypassing the Golgi complex (16). This model, stemming initially from a literal interpretation of the 1969 conclusion by Maul (35), was based on subcellular fractionation results in which full-length Pmel, bearing EndoH-sensitive core N-linked oligosaccharides, was identified in fractions enriched in fibrillar stage II melanosomes (16, 17). Epitope mapping studies by Yasumoto et al. (28) assigned antibody reactivity to monoclonal antibodies HMB50 and NKI-beteb, both well established to identify stage II melanosomes by immunoelectron microscopy (14, 15, 36), to membrane-proximal regions of the luminal domain that should be absent in M{alpha}. A recent study showed that Pmel is modified by O-linked oligosaccharides, a modification that occurs in the Golgi complex (37), but the results were interpreted to conclude that an alternative post-ER form of Pmel lacking O-linked oligosaccharides is found in melanosomes (25). Because immature forms of Pmel also copurified by subcellular fractionation with clathrin-associated adaptor complexes AP-1 and AP-2 (38), which are known to facilitate endosomal protein sorting from the trans-Golgi network, endosomes, and the plasma membrane (39), it was concluded that Pmel reaches endocytic compartments without passing through the Golgi complex (25, 38). These conclusions were supported by immunofluorescence microscopy (IFM) analyses in which labeling by antibodies that react with immature forms of Pmel, but not with M{alpha}, overlapped with labeling by HMB45/HMB50/NKI-beteb and by adaptor complexes, respectively (16, 25, 28, 38).

Many of the data supporting the second model are based on subcellular fractionation, the results of which might reflect impurities in isolated fractions. Several conclusions, however, seem incompatible with the first model, including the following: (i) the epitope reactivity of several of the antibodies; (ii) the inferred detection of Pmel isoforms modified by some Golgi oligosaccharide transferases but not others; and (iii) the overlap of epitopes for immature Pmel isoforms with stage II melanosomes by IFM. Here we present data that counter these conclusions and suggest that the data supporting them might warrant reevaluation. We show that immature forms of Pmel are found only in pre-Golgi compartments of melanocytic cells and that stage II melanosomes harbor only Golgi-modified Pmel fragments that are derived from M{alpha} and that bear sialylated O-linked oligosaccharides. The results do not support a model in which a distinct cohort of Pmel accesses melanosomes either directly from the ER or with unmodified oligosaccharides. Nevertheless, we show that neither N- nor O-linked glycans are required for trafficking of Pmel through the conventional biosynthetic pathway to melanosome precursor compartments, and we discuss the potential roles of different types of glycosylation in fibrillogenesis.


   EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Chemicals and Antibodies—All chemicals were obtained from Sigma or Thermo Fisher Scientific (Fremont, CA) unless stated otherwise. The following mAbs were used: HMB45, HMB50, and NKI-beteb to human Pmel were purchased from LabVision/Thermo Fisher Scientific (Fremont, CA); XD5.A11 to human leukocyte antigen class II β chains (40) and TA99 (also called mel-5) anti-Tyrp1 (41) were produced in-house from hybridomas originally purchased from American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA); mAb G1/93 to ERGIC-53 (42) was from Axxora (San Diego) or a kind gift of H. P. Hauri (University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland); mAb 3126 to calnexin was from Chemicon (Temecula, CA); and anti-tubulin was from Sigma. The following polyclonal anti-peptide antibodies were prepared in-house and affinity-purified as described previously: {alpha}Pep13h to the C-terminal 14 residues of human Pmel (14) (identical to {alpha}Pep13h generated by Kushimoto et al. (16)); {alpha}Pmel-N to the N-terminal 17 residues of human Pmel (15, 23); and {alpha}Pmel-I to residues 326-344 of human Pmel (23). Rabbit anti-Tac to human interleukin-2 receptor {alpha} chain (43) or pre-immune serum was used as a negative control. Rabbit anti-LAMP-1 was purchased from Affinity BioReagents (Golden, CO).

Cell Culture and Transfections—MNT-1 human melanoma cells (44) and HeLa cells were cultured as described previously (5, 14). CHO-K1 and ldlD14 cells (45) were obtained with the kind permission of Dr. Monty Krieger (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge) from American Type Culture Collection and were cultured in Ham's F-12 medium (Invitrogen) supplemented with 5% fetal bovine serum (Hyclone, Logan, UT) and penicillin/streptomycin (Invitrogen). HeLa cells were transfected using FuGENE 6 reagent (Roche Diagnostics) according to manufacturer's instructions with 2 µg of total plasmid DNA per well in a 6-well dish or 10 µg of DNA in a 10-cm dish. For IFM experiments, cells were transfected with 100 ng of specific DNA and 1.9 µg of empty pCI vector per well of a 6-well dish. In most experiments cells were analyzed 2 days post-transfection. CHO-K1 and ldlD14 cells were transfected using TransIT-CHO or CHO Mojo reagents (Mirus Bio Corp., Madison, WI) according to manufacturer's instructions with 100 ng of specific DNA and 1.9 µg of empty pCI vector per well of a 6-well dish. Cells were analyzed 2-3 days post-transfection. For IFM experiments, MNT-1, CHO-K1, and ldlD14 cells were plated on ethanol-washed glass coverslips treated with Matrigel (BD Biosciences).

Expression Plasmids—Human Pmel (long form, hPmel17-l) and Pmel-s (human Pmel17-s or short form) in the pCI vector (Promega, Madison, WI) have been described (23). Deletion mutants {Delta}NTR, {Delta}PKD, {Delta}RPT, and {Delta}KLD were generated from hPmel17-l in pCI and have been described (26). The {Delta}CS point mutant, in which the codons for 468KR469 have been altered to QQ by site-directed mutagenesis, has been described (15); the {Delta}CS/319-344 deletion construct was a fortuitous construct that was identified while screening for the {Delta}CS construct and was subsequently subcloned into pCI as for {Delta}CS.

Metabolic Labeling and Immunoprecipitation—Cells were metabolically labeled with [35S]methionine/cysteine and chased essentially as described (46). Briefly, cells were released from dishes by trypsinization or treatment with PBS, 5 mM EDTA, washed, and then preincubated in suspension in methionine/cysteine-free Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium supplemented with 5% dialyzed fetal bovine serum for 30 min at 37 °C. Cells were then labeled with EasyTag EXPRESS35S Protein Labeling Mix (PerkinElmer Life Sciences) for 30 min, pelleted, and either incubated in chase medium (Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 3 mM methionine, and 3 mM cystine) or directly washed in PBS (for 0 chase). For tunicamycin treatment, cells were pre-treated with 2 µg/ml (2.4 µM) tunicamycin (Calbiochem) for 60 min at 37 °C prior to labeling, and tunicamycin was included in both labeling and chase media. Control cells were treated with equal volumes of dimethyl sulfoxide without tunicamycin. Cell pellets were resuspended in Triton lysis buffer (Tris-buffered saline, pH 7.4, 1% Triton X-100 with proteinase inhibitors), pre-cleared with protein A- or protein G-Sepharose (GE Healthcare), and immunoprecipitated with antibody prebound to protein A- or protein G-Sepharose. Sepharose pellets were washed, eluted with SDS-PAGE sample buffer, and fractionated by SDS-PAGE along with 14C-labeled markers purchased from GE Healthcare; gels were prepared with 10% acrylamide in most experiments. Dried gels were analyzed by PhosphorImager analysis (GE Healthcare) using ImageQuant software (GE Healthcare). For reimmunoprecipitation, primary immunoprecipitates were eluted by two sequential rounds of boiling in 1% (w/v) SDS, 5 mM 2-mercaptoethanol, 0.5 M Tris, pH 6.8. Eluates were treated with 20 mM iodoacetamide on ice for 20 min and then diluted 10-fold with Triton lysis buffer, and equal aliquots were subjected to secondary immunoprecipitations exactly as detailed above.

Glycosidase Treatments—Immunoprecipitates were treated directly with endoglycosidases after a final wash with phosphate-buffered saline. Denaturation buffer (0.5% (w/v) SDS, 40 mM dithiothreitol, 2 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, 50 µg/ml leupeptin) was added to protein A-agarose pellets, and the samples were heated to 100 °C for 10 min. After cooling on ice, samples were either mock-treated or treated with endoglycosidases. EndoH (Endo Hf, New England Biolabs, Ipswitch, MA) and protein N-glycanase F (PNGase F; New England Biolabs) only treatments were according to the manufacturer's instructions, except that EndoH digestions included 1% Nonidet P-40 in the buffer. Treatment with PNGase F and neuraminidase or with PNGase F and "O-glycosidases" were done using the glycoprotein deglycosylation kit from Calbiochem. Briefly, incubations were done for 4-16 h at 37 °C in 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.0, containing 1% (w/v) Triton X-100 using N-glycanase F and Arthrobacter ureafaciens {alpha}2-3,6,8,9-neuraminidase alone for PNGase F/neuraminidase or with additional Streptococcus pneumoniae endo-{alpha}-N-acetylgalactosaminidase, β1,4-galactosidase, and β-N-acetylglucosaminidase for PNGase F and O-glycosidases. In parallel experiments not shown, pellets were treated sequentially with N-glycanase F, neuraminidase, and the mixture of endo-{alpha}-N-acetylgalactosaminidase, β1,4-galactosidase, and β-N-acetylglucosaminidase. At the end of the incubations, samples were diluted into SDS-PAGE sample buffer and analyzed by SDS-PAGE and PhosphorImager analysis. For immunoblotting, cells were lysed directly in denaturation buffer (2.5 x 106/ml) and then treated exactly as described for immunoprecipitates above before fractionation by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting.

Immunoblotting—Western blotting was done as described (46). Briefly, whole cell lysates prepared from equal numbers of different cells were prepared by heating cells to 100 °C for 10 min in SDS-PAGE sample buffer. Samples were fractionated by SDS-PAGE and transferred to polyvinylidene fluoride membranes (Millipore, Billerica, MA), and membranes were blocked and probed with primary antibodies diluted in buffer containing 5% milk. Bound antibody was detected with the use of alkaline-phosphatase-conjugated goat anti-rabbit or anti-mouse antibodies (Jackson ImmunoResearch, West Grove, PA), ECF detection system (GE Healthcare), and PhosphorImager analysis with ImageQuant software (GE Healthcare).

Immunofluorescence Microscopy—Cells grown on coverslips were fixed with 2-6% formaldehyde in PBS for 15-30 min and then permeabilized with saponin and labeled with primary and fluorochrome-conjugated secondary antibodies as described (47). Most experiments used Alexa488- and Alexa594-conjugated goat anti-mouse and anti-rabbit secondary antibodies (Molecular Probes/Invitrogen). In experiments comparing labeling by two monoclonal antibodies, we used isotype-specific secondary antibodies (HMB45 is IgG1; HMB50 is IgG2a; and NKI-beteb is IgG2b) purchased from Jackson ImmunoResearch and conjugated to Alexa488 or Alexa594 using labeling kits from Molecular Probes/Invitrogen. Cells were analyzed on a Leica Microsystems DM IRBE microscope (Bannockburn, IL), and digital images at different z planes, separated by 0.2-µm steps, were captured using a Hamamatsu ORCA camera (Malvern, PA) and Improvision OpenLab software (Lexington, MA). Images were deconvolved using the OpenLab Volume Deconvolution module. Most images shown are deconvolved images of either a single z plane or a merged image of three to four deconvolved z planes. Final images were processed using Adobe Photoshop software (San Jose, CA).

Flow Cytometry—MNT-1 cells grown in 10-cm dishes were suspended using phosphate-buffered saline, 5 mM EDTA, and then washed first into medium and then into FACS buffer (FB: PBS, 5% fetal bovine serum, 0.5 mM EDTA). To detect cell surface molecules, cells were incubated on ice with primary rabbit antibodies (1-2 µg/ml) and mouse anti-tubulin (1:1000) diluted in FACS buffer for 30-60 min and then washed twice at 0 °C before subsequent incubation with Alexa488-conjugated anti-mouse Ig and phycoerythrin (PE)-conjugated anti-rabbit Ig. After washing twice at 4 °C, cells were either analyzed immediately or fixed with 2% formaldehyde prior to subsequent analysis. For internalization experiments, cells were incubated at 37 °C for 30 min in medium containing the same concentration of primary rabbit antibodies or NKI-beteb (1:500), HMB45 (1:50), or XD5.A11 (2 µg/ml). Cells were then fixed with 1% (w/v) formaldehyde in PBS for 15 min at room temperature. Cells were permeabilized by one wash with FB containing 0.5% saponin and then incubated with PE-conjugated anti-rabbit or anti-mouse Ig in the same buffer for 30 min on ice. After washing twice, cells were analyzed immediately or after a second fixation as above. For intracellular labeling, unlabeled cells were fixed and permeabilized as above before labeling with primary ({alpha}Pmel-I and 1:500 anti-Tac as a control) and secondary (PE-conjugated anti-rabbit Ig) antibodies. Cells were analyzed on a FACSCalibur using CellQuest Pro software (BD Biosciences).

Electron Microscopy—MNT-1 cells were fixed with 0.2% (w/v) glutaraldehyde, 2% (w/v) paraformaldehyde, processed for cryosectioning, and immunogold labeled using protein A gold conjugated to 10- and 15-nm gold particles essentially as described previously (14). Cells were analyzed on a Philips TEM/CM120 transmission electron microscope (Eindoven, The Netherlands), and acquisitions were made with a Keen-View digital camera (Soft Imaging System, Germany).


   RESULTS
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Monoclonal Antibodies HMB50 and NKI-beteb Bind to the PKD Domain Contained within the M{alpha} Fragment—Pmel is recognized by three widely used, commercially available monoclonal antibodies as follows: HMB45 (48-50), HMB50 (49, 50), and NKI-beteb (36). The epitope for HMB45 requires modification of linked oligosaccharides by sialic acid (25, 29, 30) and was recently mapped to a region of internal repeats (RPT) encompassed by M{alpha} within the Pmel luminal domain (51) (see Fig. 1a). By contrast, the epitopes for HMB50 and NKI-beteb were mapped to a region encompassed by Mβ, downstream of M{alpha}, by virtue of a reimmunoprecipitation assay (28; see below). To accurately localize the epitopes for these antibodies, we assessed their ability to recognize targeted Pmel deletion constructs expressed in HeLa cells. Immunoreactivity was compared with that of rabbit antibodies generated against specific peptide regions of Pmel (Table 1). Pmel constructs were generated bearing deletions within each of four luminal sub-domains (26) (Fig. 1a) as follows: an N-terminal region (NTR), a down-stream region homologous to a polycystic kidney disease-1 repeat (PKD), and RPT are all encompassed by M{alpha}, and a Kringle-like domain (KLD) lies downstream of the proprotein convertase cleavage site (CS) and is thus encompassed by Mβ (only the C-terminal half of KLD was deleted, as constructs with more extensive KLD deletions were unstable and thus undetectable by any of the antibodies). In addition, {Delta}CS, in which 468KR469 was altered to QQ to eliminate the CS (15), was analyzed to assess any requirement for proteolytic processing in antibody recognition. Each mutant and wild-type Pmel was expressed by transient transfection in HeLa cells, and cells were analyzed in three ways.


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  		TABLE 1
Anti-peptide antibodies to Pmel used in this study

 
Cells were first analyzed by immunoprecipitation following metabolic pulse labeling with [35S]methionine/cysteine (Fig. 1, b and c). As expected, all constructs tested were immunoprecipitated by rabbit antibody {alpha}Pep13h directed to a peptide encompassing the Pmel C terminus within the cytoplasmic domain. Similarly, all constructs except {Delta}NTR were recognized by {alpha}Pmel-N to the N terminus, and all constructs except {Delta}RPT were recognized by {alpha}Pmel-I directed to a peptide corresponding to residues 326-344 within the RPT region (Fig. 1, b and c). Importantly, whereas both HMB50 and NKI-beteb effectively immunoprecipitated constructs lacking RPT, CS, or KLD, neither antibody immunoprecipitated {Delta}PKD above background levels (Fig. 1b). Both antibodies weakly immunoprecipitated {Delta}NTR above background (Fig. 1c), suggesting that the primary determinant for both HMB50 and NKI-beteb lies in the PKD. Indeed, HMB50 and NKI-beteb also detect the Pmel PKD domain in the context of a chimeric protein lacking other Pmel-derived domains (data not shown). Moreover, both HMB50 and NKI-beteb bind to secreted forms of M{alpha} that are released from the membrane-tethered Mβ fragment (see Fig. 2). Deletion of NTR likely reduces binding by these antibodies indirectly, perhaps by influencing PKD integrity. This would be consistent with variable effects of NTR deletion on the PKD-dependent localization of Pmel to internal membranes of multivesicular bodies (26, 51). Together, these experiments show that HMB50 and NKI-beteb recognize a region within the PKD but not within Mβ as previously reported (28).


Figure 1
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  		FIGURE 1.
Assignment of monoclonal antibody epitopes to Pmel17 luminal domain. a, schematic diagram of wild-type Pmel17 primary structure, natural Pmel17 splice variant Pmel-s, and deletion mutants used in these experiments. Highlighted are luminal sub-domains NTR (white), PKD (gray), RPT (hatched), and KLD (white) and the proprotein convertase cleavage site (CS; line). The transmembrane (TM) domain is indicated in black. Numbers for wtPmel17 correspond to amino acid positions within the long form in which each domain is defined; numbers within deletion mutants indicate amino acid positions defining the end of the deletion. For {Delta}CS and {Delta}CS/319-344, mutation of the dibasic cleavage site at 468KR469 to QQ is indicated by xx. Cyt, cytoplasmic domain. b, HeLa cells transfected with WT Pmel17 or the indicated deletion mutants were metabolically labeled with [35S]methionine for 20 min at 37 °C, and then cell lysates were subject to immunoprecipitation with the antibodies indicated to the left. Immunoprecipitates were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and PhosphorImager analysis;positions of Mr markers are indicated to the right. c, HeLa cells transfected with either WT Pmel17 or {Delta}NTR were labeled, subject to immunoprecipitation, and analyzed as in b. Arrows indicate positions of the relevant Pmel17 band. d, whole cell lysates of HeLa cells transfected with WT Pmel17, Pmel-s, or the indicated deletion mutants were fractionated by SDS-PAGE and probed by immunoblotting with the indicated antibodies. Positions of Mr markers are indicated at right, and of relevant bands at left. plc, post-lysis cleavage products; arrow, major HMB45 band observed for WT Pmel17; *, major HMB45 band observed for Pmel-s. e, HeLa cells transfected with the indicated constructs were analyzed by double label IFM using NKI-beteb and HMB45 mAbs and fluorochrome-conjugated secondary isotype-specific antibodies. Images for each antibody were taken at identical exposure times. Bar, 10 µm.

 
To confirm and extend these results, transfected cells were analyzed by IFM. Cells expressing {Delta}KLD (Fig. 1e), {Delta}CS, or wild-type Pmel (data not shown) were recognized by all three monoclonal antibodies. Cells expressing {Delta}RPT were recognized by NKI-beteb but not by HMB45 (Fig. 1e), confirming reactivity of HMB45 with the RPT region as reported previously (51). Consistent with the immunoprecipitation results, cells expressing {Delta}PKD were recognized by HMB45 but not by NKI-beteb (Fig. 1e), confirming that NKI-beteb detects a determinant within PKD. Cells expressing {Delta}NTR were recognized by all three antibodies using this technique (Fig. 1e), confirming that the NTR is not the primary determinant recognized by NKI-beteb. Note, however, that labeling was not as extensive for NKI-beteb as for HMB45, confirming that NTR deletion compromises the ability of these antibodies to detect the PKD. In all analyses, HMB50 showed identical reactivity to NKI-beteb (data not shown), indicating that it too recognizes an epitope within the PKD of human Pmel.

To confirm the determinant recognized by HMB45, lysates of transfected HeLa cells were analyzed by immunoblotting (Fig. 1d) because HMB45 can detect Pmel by this technique (29) but not by immunoprecipitation. Two additional Pmel variants were included in these analyses; Pmel-s is the product of the shortest of the natural splice variants of Pmel and lacks residues 373-414 within RPT of the longest form (23), and {Delta}CS/319-344 has a mutated cleavage site (as in {Delta}CS) and bears a fortuitous deletion of residues 319-344 within RPT (Fig. 1a). Although all constructs analyzed were detected with {alpha}Pep13h to the Pmel C terminus, HMB45 failed to detect any signal from cells expressing either {Delta}RPT or {Delta}CS/319-344 (Fig. 1d). This confirms and extends previous mapping of the HMB45 epitope (51), indicating that the epitope lies between residues 328 and 344. Interestingly, only weak bands were detected in cells expressing {Delta}PKD and {Delta}NTR, both of which mature slowly by pulse/chase analyses and are defective in transport to late endosomes in HeLa cells (26). This supports the requirement for post-ER processing in generation of the HMB45 epitope (29, 30). Finally, whereas Pmel-s was detected normally by HMB45, the major detected product migrated slightly slower by SDS-PAGE than that generated from the long form, suggesting that each isoform may be differentially processed within melanosomes.

Together, these studies demonstrate that HMB45, HMB50, and NKI-beteb detect epitopes contained within M{alpha}. Thus their detection of premelanosomes can be explained by their reactivity with M{alpha} fibrils alone.

Pmel Antibodies Coimmunoprecipitate M{alpha} with Mβ from Cell Lysates but Not from Supernatants—The previously reported assignment of HMB50 and NKI-beteb epitopes to a region within Mβ was based on the reprecipitation of Mβ with these antibodies following elution from primary immunoprecipitates (28). This technique failed to account for covalent disulfide linkage of cleaved M{alpha} and Mβ (5). Indeed, following metabolic pulse/chase analysis of human MNT-1 melanoma cells, identical band patterns are visualized at each time point by immunoprecipitation of cell lysates with HMB50, NKI-beteb, and {alpha}Pmel-N or {alpha}Pep13h to the N or C terminus of Pmel, respectively (Fig. 2, a-e). As expected, secreted Pmel, which has been shown to correspond to M{alpha} (5, 24), was immunoprecipitated by {alpha}Pmel-N, HMB50, and NKI-beteb, but not by the C terminus-directed {alpha}Pep13h (Fig. 2, a-e). To affirm that the secreted form recognized by all three antibodies corresponds to the same polypeptide, we used a reprecipitation assay. Secreted polypeptides were immunoprecipitated with HMB50, NKI-beteb, or a control mAb from supernatants of cells that had been pulse-labeled and chased for 2 or 4 h, and material was released from immunoprecipitates by boiling in 1% SDS as described under "Experimental Procedures." Released material was diluted and subjected to reimmunoprecipitation. As shown in Fig. 2f, the secreted Pmel band was reprecipitated by {alpha}Pmel-N and HMB50, but not by {alpha}Pep13h, confirming that it bears the Pmel N terminus and PKD domain but not the C terminus. By contrast, full-length Pmel from cell lysates was reprecipitated by all three antibodies (data not shown). Together, these data confirm that HMB50 and NKI-beteb detect epitopes present within M{alpha} and not within Mβ.


Figure 2
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  		FIGURE 2.
Immunoprecipitation of secreted M{alpha} by NKI-beteb and HMB50 but not {alpha}Pep13h or {alpha}Pmel-I. a-e, MNT-1 cells were metabolically labeled with [35S]methionine for 30 min and chased for the indicated time periods. Immunoprecipitates using the indicated antibodies from cell lysates or supernatants (supes) from each time point were fractionated by SDS-PAGE and analyzed by PhosphorImager analysis. Positions of Mr markers are indicated to the right, and relevant bands as discussed in the text are indicated to the left. Note that in this experiment some P1 bands, presumably from cell fragments, were precipitated from supernatants by {alpha}Pmel-I and less so by {alpha}Pep13h. f, supernatants from MNT-1 cells that had been metabolically labeled as in a-e and chased for 2 or 4 h were subjected to a primary immunoprecipitation (1° IP) with either HMB50, NKI-beteb, or a control mAb (TA99 to Tyrp1) as indicated. Proteins were released from the beads as described under "Experimental Procedures" and then subjected to a secondary immunoprecipitation (2° IP Ab) using the indicated antibodies. Secondary immunoprecipitates were fractionated by SDS-PAGE and analyzed by phosphorimaging analysis. All gels were exposed for identical periods of time. Positions of Mr markers are indicated to the right.

 
One anti-Pmel antibody showed a distinct pattern of recognition from the others in metabolic pulse/chase analysis of MNT-1 cells. {alpha}Pmel-I, directed to residues 326-344, only detected the full-length, core-glycosylated "P1" form of Pmel in cell lysates and did not detect either the Golgi-modified, EndoH-resistant "P2" form, the post-Golgi cleavage products M{alpha} and Mβ, or secreted M{alpha} (Fig. 2e). Similarly, {alpha}Pmel-I failed to reprecipitate M{alpha} eluted from HMB50 or NKI-beteb (Fig. 2f). This indicates that {alpha}Pmel-I only detects the precursor form of Pmel. Interestingly, the peptide to which {alpha}Pmel-I was generated overlaps nearly completely with that required for HMB45 reactivity (Fig. 1d). Given that HMB45 reactivity also requires O-glycosylation and subsequent modification with sialic acid, we reasoned that {alpha}Pmel-I reactivity might be ablated by O-glycosylation of the peptide, and thus should faithfully detect only unmodified Pmel. Experiments described below suggest that this is indeed the case.

Antibodies to Immature Forms of Pmel Do Not Detect Stage II Melanosomes—We and others have shown that HMB45, HMB50, and NKI-beteb detect striated stage II melanosomes by electron microscopy of pigmented melanocytes and melanoma cells (14, 15, 36), but that antibodies to the Pmel C terminus recognize neither stage II melanosomes (14) nor Pmel-containing fibrils in melanocytes or transfected HeLa cells (15). By contrast, Hearing and co-workers (16, 25, 28, 38) report that labeling by the Pmel mAbs in IFM analyses of MNT-1 cells overlaps that by antibodies to the C terminus and to a region encompassed by RPT that, like {alpha}Pmel-I, is rendered unreactive by O-glycosylation. To directly test antibody overlap, we performed a comparable series of two-color IFM analyses of MNT-1 cells (Fig. 3). To balance preservation of subcellular structures with immunodetection, cells were fixed with either 2 or 6% formaldehyde, and to improve resolution, images from sequential z-stacks were subjected to deconvolution analyses as described under "Experimental Procedures." Consistent with all previous conclusions, all three mAbs detected over-lapping punctate structures within MNT-1 cells (Fig. 3A, panels a-i) that likely correspond to stage II melanosomes (14). The reactivity of these structures with HMB50 and NKI-beteb decreased with increasing fixative concentration such that HMB45 detected puncta not observed with these two antibodies, but nearly all structures labeled by these antibodies also labeled with HMB45 under all conditions. By contrast, neither {alpha}Pep13h to the C terminus, {alpha}Pmel-N to the N terminus, nor {alpha}Pmel-I detected these same structures (Fig. 3B, panels a-i). Rather, the anti-peptide antibodies detected tubular structures throughout the cell body that were stabilized with higher concentrations of fixative and particularly concentrated in the perinuclear region. They appeared more punctate, but equally widely distributed, upon fixation with lower fixative concentrations (not shown). In addition, {alpha}Pep13h detected a few punctate structures that did not overlap with the majority of puncta detected by NKI-beteb (Fig. 3B, panels a-c) but partially overlapped with the early endosomal marker EEA1 (not shown); these structures likely represent stage I melanosomes (5, 14, 15). {alpha}Pmel-I, which detects only the core glycosylated P1 form of Pmel (Fig. 2), did not detect these puncta (Fig. 3B, panels d-f), consistent with its reactivity only with pre-Golgi Pmel isoforms. Together, these data indicate that antibodies that detect biochemically immature forms of Pmel at steady state do not significantly label stage II melanosomes. The failure of {alpha}Pmel-N to detect stage II melanosomes at steady state, despite the detection of {alpha}Pmel-N reactivity on purified fibrils (15), might reflect the rapid processing of M{alpha} to smaller fragments within stage II melanosomes (see Ref. 16 and below).


Figure 3
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  		FIGURE 3.
Anti-Pmel mAbs, but not anti-peptide Abs, detect stage II melanosomes in MNT-1 cells. MNT-1 cells were analyzed by two-color IFM as described under "Experimental Procedures." A, panels a-i. Cells were analyzed with pairwise combinations of each of the anti-Pmel mAbs, HMB45, HMB50, and NKI-beteb, using Alexa488- and Alexa594-conjugated isotype-specific secondary antibodies. Panels c, f, and i, merged images. Insets show x4 magnified images of the boxed regions, and arrows point to examples of puncta labeled by both antibodies in each panel; note that a "yellow" color in the merge is observed only when labeling by both antibodies is equivalent. Cells in panels a-f and g-i, respectively were fixed with 2 and 6% formaldehyde; similar patterns were observed under both conditions. Bar, 10 µm. B, panels a-i. Cells were analyzed with pairwise combinations of NKI-beteb with either {alpha}Pep13h (panels d-f), {alpha}Pmel-I (panels g-i), or {alpha}Pmel-N (panels j-l) and Alexa488-conjugated anti-rabbit Ig and Alexa594-conjugated anti-mouse Ig. Shown are the pseudocolored individual images for each rabbit antibody (panels d, g, and j) and NKI-beteb (panels e, h, and k) and merged images (panels f, I, and l). Insets show x3-magnified images of the boxed regions. Cells were all fixed with 6% formaldehyde. Bar, 10 µm.

 


Figure 4
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  		FIGURE 4.
{alpha}Pmel-I labels ER and ERGIC compartments. MNT-1 cells were fixed with 6% formaldehyde and analyzed by two-color IFM with {alpha}Pmel-I (a and d) and mAbs to the ER marker calnexin (b) or the ERGIC marker ERGIC-53 (e). Merged images are shown in c and f, and insets show x4-magnified images of the boxed regions. Arrows denote regions of overlap for the two sets of markers. Bar, 10 µm.

 
To define the compartments in which Pmel is detected by these antibodies, we compared their overlap with markers of different compartments. We have shown previously by immunoelectron microscopy that {alpha}Pep13h detects Pmel on Golgi membranes, the trans-Golgi network, and the limiting membrane of stage I melanosomes in MNT-1 cells (14), consistent with the perinuclear labeling observed by IFM (Fig. 3B, panels a-c) that overlapped significantly with Golgi markers. Interestingly, whereas {alpha}Pmel-I does not label the perinuclear structures as extensively, the tubular network observed throughout the cell body overlapped significantly with both calnexin, a component of the ER quality control system (Fig. 4, a-c), and ERGIC-53, which concentrates primarily in ER-to-Golgi intermediates (Fig. 4, d-f). Consistent with the IFM analyses, electron microscopy analyses of immunogold-labeled cryosections of MNT-1 cells showed {alpha}Pmel-I labeling over tubulovesicular membranes associated with one face of stacked Golgi cisternae (Fig. 5a), in which {alpha}Pmel-I labeling showed significant overlap with ERGIC-53 or the KDEL receptor (KDEL-R, which also cycles between the ER and Golgi; Fig. 5, d-f). Additional labeling was observed on tubular membranes with morphological hallmarks of ER (Fig. 5, b and c). Some of these membranes lacked ribosomes, perhaps explaining the incomplete overlap of {alpha}Pmel-I or {alpha}Pep13h labeling with rough ER markers such as BiP and calnexin (here and see Ref. 16). Together, these data indicate that {alpha}Pep13h and {alpha}Pmel-I detect a significant cohort of Pmel that accumulates in the ER and pre-Golgi intermediates but that are not associated with fibrillar stage II melanosomes.

Only Golgi-modified Forms of Pmel Are Detected at the Cell Surface and Internalized—Full-length P1 Pmel or Pmel lacking O-linked oligosaccharides have been reported to copurify and colocalize with clathrin adaptors AP-1 and AP-2 in the cell periphery, supporting the existence of Pmel lacking Golgi modifications in pre-melanosomal compartments (25, 38). AP-2 is concentrated in clathrin-coated pits at the plasma membrane, where it facilitates endocytosis (39). Pmel undergoes rapid endocytosis in mouse melanocytes and transfected HeLa cells (12, 52). Thus, if immature forms of Pmel were indeed present in AP-2-containing structures, they should be detectable at the plasma membrane and subject to endocytosis. To test these predictions, we used quantitative flow cytometric assays. Surface Pmel was detected on MNT-1 cells in suspension by antibody labeling on ice. As shown in Fig. 6a and quantified in Fig. 6b, although {alpha}Pmel-N detects a significant cohort of Pmel17 at the surface of MNT-1 cells, the signal obtained with {alpha}Pmel-I is similar to that of the background obtained with {alpha}Pep13h (which by virtue of detecting the cytoplasmic domain is a negative control for intact cells). To test whether a low level of unprocessed Pmel at the plasma membrane is rapidly internalized, MNT-1 cells were incubated with primary antibodies at 37 °C for 30 min to allow for surface binding and subsequent uptake. Cells were then fixed, permeabilized, and labeled with fluorophore-conjugated secondary antibodies to detect the internalized primary antibody. As shown in Fig. 6c and quantified in Fig. 6d, {alpha}Pmel-N was effectively internalized over the course of the experiment, yielding a large signal, but the signal obtained with {alpha}Pmel-I was as low as that obtained with the negative control {alpha}Pep13h. High levels of NKI-beteb and low levels of HMB45, which has very low affinity for native Pmel, based on its inability to immunoprecipitate Pmel, were also internalized (Fig. 6d). Although {alpha}Pmel-I failed to either bind to the cell surface or internalize, it bound avidly to intracellular Pmel after fixation and permeabilization of MNT-1 cells (Fig. 6e). Together, these data indicate that although a cohort of Pmel cycles through the plasma membrane of MNT-1 cells, immature, unprocessed forms of Pmel do not significantly contribute to this cohort.


Figure 5
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  		FIGURE 5.
Labeling of ER and ERGIC by {alpha}Pmel-I by immunoelectron microscopy. Ultrathin cryosections of MNT-1 cells were analyzed by immunogold labeling using {alpha}Pmel-I and protein A conjugated to 10 nm gold particles alone (a-c) or with antibodies to the ERGIC markers ERGIC-53 (d and e) or KDEL receptor (KDEL-R; f) and protein A conjugated to15 nm gold particles as indicated. Arrows point to 10 nm gold particles labeling {alpha}Pmel-I-reactive structures, and arrowheads point to 15 nm gold particles labeling ERGIC-53 (d and e) or KDEL-R (f). ER, Golgi, ERGIC, a mitochondrion (m) and stage IV melanosomes (IV) are indicated. Bars, 200 nm.

 
Detectable Pmel17 Fragments in Melanosomes Are O-Glycosylated and Modified by Sialic Acid—N- and/or O-linked glycans on mature forms of Pmel bear sialic acid residues that are required for HMB45 reactivity (29, 30). To better define the cohort of Pmel with such modifications, we tested the effect of a set of glycosidases on electrophoretic migration (by SDS-PAGE) and antibody reactivity of the different Pmel isoforms. Mobility changes induced by EndoH cleavage defined high mannose N-linked oligosaccharides that have not been modified by medial Golgi N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase. PNGase F cleavage defined N-linked oligosaccharides regardless of their state of modification. {alpha}2-3,6,8,9-Neuraminidase cleavage defined terminal sialic acid residues on either N- or O-linked oligosaccharide chains. Finally, cleavage by a combination of neuraminidase with β1,4-galactosidase, endo-{alpha}-N-acetylgalactosaminidase, and β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (collectively referred to here as O-glycanases) defined a common form of O-linked oligosaccharide.

MNT-1 cells were metabolically labeled with [35S]methionine and chased for 1-2 h to accumulate labeled P1, P2, M{alpha}, and Mβ within cell lysates. Pmel isoforms were immunoprecipitated from cell lysates with {alpha}Pep13h and then either mock-treated or treated with EndoH (H), PNGase F alone (F), PNGase F with neuraminidase (FN), or PNGase F with neuraminidase and O-glycanases (FON). As shown in Fig. 7 (left panel), each treatment resulted in a characteristic shift for each band. As shown previously (5), the P1 band is completely sensitive to digestion by EndoH or PNGase F, with molecular mass reduced by ~10 kDa (to P1'H) consistent with removal of three to four core N-linked glycans. No additional reductions in Mr were observed upon additional glycosidase treatment. Together, these data indicate that P1 represents core N-glycosylated Pmel in the ER, cis-Golgi, and/or intermediate compartment, and is not significantly modified by O-glycosylation.


Figure 6
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  		FIGURE 6.
Pmel isoforms detected by {alpha}Pmel-I do not access the cell surface. a and b, MNT-1 cells in suspension were labeled on ice with the indicated antibodies and PE-conjugated anti-rabbit Ig and analyzed by flow cytometry as described under "Experimental Procedures." a, fluorescence intensity signal relative to cell number is shown for a representative experiment; b, median fluorescence intensity for samples from two experiments performed in duplicate are indicated graphically along with standard deviation. c and d, MNT-1 cells in suspension were incubated for 30 min at 37 °C with the indicated antibodies, then fixed, permeabilized, and labeled with PE-conjugated anti-rabbit Ig and Alexa488-conjugated anti-mouse Ig prior to analysis by flow cytometry. c, results from a representative experiment. d, median fluorescence intensity for samples from two experiments performed in duplicate is indicated graphically along with standard deviation. The control mAb (Ctl. mAb) was XD5.A11, which recognizes human leukocyte antigen class II β chains. e, MNT-1 cells in suspension were fixed and permeabilized prior to labeling with {alpha}Pmel-I or a control rabbit antibody (Ctl. Ab; anti-Tac). Representative of three experiments performed in duplicate.

 
All other bands were predominantly EndoH-resistant. The Mr ~ 28,000 Mβ band was reduced in Mr by ~3,500 to Mβ'Fby PNGase F but not EndoH, consistent with a single N-linked glycan that is fully modified to the complex form in the Golgi. The lack of additional effects by neuraminidase or O-glycanases indicates that Mβ is not modified by at least conventional O-linked oligosaccharides. Both P2 and M{alpha} were modestly reduced in Mr by EndoH but more dramatically by PNGase F (to P2'F and M{alpha}'F), consistent with 4 and 3 N-linked glycans, respectively, all but one of which are modified to the complex type. Additional treatment with neuraminidase increased the Mr, relative to PNGase F treatment alone, for both P2 and M{alpha} (to P2'FN, M{alpha}'FN), reflecting loss of sialic acid residues from O-linked oligosaccharides and consequent decreased electrophoretic migration toward the cathode. Consistently, additional treatment with O-glycanases dramatically reduced the Mr of both P2 and M{alpha} (to P2'FON and M{alpha}'FON). The changes in migration did not reflect a loss of enzyme activity within the mixtures, because identical results were observed when samples were treated consecutively with each enzyme rather than concomitantly (data not shown). No Pmel forms bearing only O-linked oligosaccharides without complex N-linked oligosaccharides were detected. These data indicate that post-ER forms of Pmel possess both complex-type N-linked glycans and sialylated O-linked glycans. Interestingly, the PNGase F- and O-glycanase-treated P2'FON continues to migrate slower than deglycosylated P1'H(Mr ~ 125,000 for P2'FON, Mr ~ 97,000 for P1'H in the experiment shown), suggesting that it retains additional post-ER modifications that are not removed by the O-glycanases used here.

What modifications are present on Pmel isoforms in melanosomes? HMB45 reacts predominantly with a series of bands with Mr ~ 40,000 that are exclusively found in the detergent-insoluble fraction of pigment cells (12, 29) and that cofractionate with mature melanosomes by subcellular fractionation (16, 28). As shown in Fig. 7 (upper right panel), these bands are not affected by treatment of MNT-1 whole cell lysates with EndoH or PNGase F but are completely lost upon subsequent treatment with neuraminidase with or without O-glycanase. This repeats previously published data (25, 29) and indicates that HMB45 recognizes an epitope requiring sialylated O-linked glycans. Immunoblotting of the same samples with {alpha}Pmel-I reveals no detectable low Mr bands in cell lysates that are untreated or treated with EndoH, PNGase F, or PNGase F and neuraminidase (Fig. 7 upper right panel); a weak band corresponding to P1 was observed in other experiments under conditions that favored detection of high molecular weight material, but no other bands were ever observed). However, additional treatment with O-glycanase unveils a novel reactive band with Mr 26,000, consistent with that expected for a deglycosylated PKD-RPT fragment (predicted mass of 29 kDa). Because no comparably strong band was observed at all in untreated cell lysates, this band must correspond to the deglycosylated form of the HMB45-reactive bands observed in untreated cell lysates. The detection of this band only after deglycosylation of cell lysates supports the notion that only fully O-glycosylated forms of Pmel are present in melanosomes.


Figure 7
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  		FIGURE 7.
O-Glycosylation of Pmel17 and inverse recognition of O-glycoforms by {alpha}Pmel-I and HMB45. Left panel, MNT-1 cells were metabolically labeled with [35S]methionine/cysteine for 30 min and then chased for 2 h. Cell lysates were immunoprecipitated with {alpha}Pep13h, and immunoprecipitates were either mock-treated (-) or treated with EndoH (H), PNGase F (F), PNGase F and neuraminidase (FN), or PNGase F, neuraminidase, and a mixture of O-glycanases (FON). Positions of Mr markers and relevant initial bands are indicated to the left, and positions of cleavage products are indicated to the right. Note that P1 migrates similarly after cleavage by either EndoH (P1'H) or PNGase F. Right panels, MNT-1 whole cell lysates were mock-treated (-) or treated with glycosidases as described (left panel) and then fractionated by SDS-PAGE, transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride membranes (using 15% methanol to favor transfer of lower Mr material), and immunoblotted with either HMB45 or {alpha}Pmel-I as indicated. Positions of Mr markers are indicated to the right. Note the neuraminidase-dependent disappearance of HMB45-reactive bands and the O-glycanase-dependent appearance of a smaller {alpha}Pmel-I-reactive band.

 


Figure 8
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  		FIGURE 8.
Pmel17 in CHO cells lacking O-linked oligosaccharides react with {alpha}Pmel-I but not HMB45. a-d, wild-type CHO-K1 cells (CHO WT; a and b) or ldlD14 cells (c and d) were transfected with full-length Pmel expression vector and analyzed by IFM with HMB45 (a and c) or {alpha}Pmel-I (b and d). Each pair of panels is from the same field, and images of labeling with each antibody are taken at identical exposures in both cell lines. Note the absence of HMB45 reactivity and the appearance of extensive labeling of the cell surface and intracellular puncta with {alpha}Pmel-I in ldlD14 cells. By contrast, {alpha}Pmel-I labels a reticular network (indicative of the ER) in cells expressing high levels of Pmel but very little, other than background nuclear labeling, in cells expressing low levels of Pmel. e, whole cell lysates of untreated MNT-1 cells or of ldlD14 or wild-type CHO-K1 cells (CHO WT) that had been transfected with Pmel expression vector were fractionated by SDS-PAGE and analyzed by immunoblotting with the indicated antibodies. Positions of Mr markers are indicated to the right. f, wild-type CHO-K1 cells (CHO WT) or ldlD14 cells (CHO ldlD14) were metabolically labeled with [35S]methionine/cysteine for 30 min and chased for 0 or 2 h, as indicated. Pmel was immunoprecipitated from cell lysates with {alpha}Pep13h, and immunoprecipitates were mock-treated (-) or treated with EndoH (H) or PNGase F (F) before fractionation by SDS-PAGE and PhosphorImager analysis. Arrows to the left indicate positions of wild-type bands, and positions of Mr markers are indicated to the right.

 
Glycosylation and Antibody Reactivity of Pmel in Cells That Lack O-Glycosylation—To confirm the relationship between Pmel O-glycosylation and epitope recognition by {alpha}Pmel-I and HMB45, we exploited a variant CHO cell line, ldlD14. ldlD14 cells lack UDP-galactose- and UDP-N-acetylgalactose-4-epimerase activity (45), which under normal growth conditions are required to initiate O-glycosylation by generating sufficient cellular levels of UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine for transfer to target serine and threonine residues (53). Thus, these cells lack all O-glycosylated proteins under normal growth conditions (45). Wild-type CHO-KI (WT CHO) or ldlD14 cells were transfected with a Pmel expression vector and analyzed by IFM (Fig. 8, a-d) and immunoblotting (Fig. 8e). Punctate HMB45 reactivity is easily detected by IFM in Pmel-expressing CHO WT cells, but no reactivity is observed in ldlD14 cells at similar exposures (Fig. 8, a and c). By contrast, although only faint intracellular labeling (and background nuclear labeling) is observed in Pmel-expressing CHO WT cells with {alpha}Pmel-I (only cells with high levels of expression show extensive reticular labeling characteristic of the ER in this cell type), extensive labeling of the cell surface and of small intracellular puncta is observed in ldlD14 cells with the same antibody (Fig. 8, b and d). Thus, when Pmel is not modified by O-glycosylation, the {alpha}Pmel-I epitope is expressed later as well as early in the secretory pathway (although note that the puncta were less intense than the plasma membrane labeling, see below). Consistently, immunoblotting of lysates of Pmel-transfected cells with HMB45 reveals the expected Mr ~ 40,000 band and a faint Mr ~ 95,000 M{alpha} band in CHO WT cells but no reactivity at all in ldlD14 cells (Fig. 8e, middle), despite equivalent detection of full-length P1 and cleaved Mβ fragments in both cell lysates by {alpha}Pep13h (Fig. 8e, top). By contrast, immunoblotting of ldlD14 cell lysates with {alpha}Pmel-I revealed a smear of reactivity from Mr <20,000 to ~80,000 that was absent from lysates of either CHO WT or MNT-1 cells (Fig. 8e, bottom). These data confirm that HMB45 reactivity requires O-glycosylation and that {alpha}Pmel-I reactivity is ablated by O-glycosylation. Interestingly, the HMB45-reactive bands in MNT-1 cell lysates were much more intense than those in CHO WT lysates, despite lower Pmel precursor expression detected by {alpha}Pep13h. This suggests that fully processed Pmel fragments are less protected in CHO WT than in MNT-1. The lack of a similar band and the presence of a smear detected by {alpha}Pmel-I in ldlD14 cells, consistent with the weak labeling by this antibody of intracellular puncta relative to the cell surface, suggests that even this minimal protection of the fragment requires O-glycosylation.


Figure 9
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  		FIGURE 9.
Pmel trafficking to multivesicular endosomes requires neither O-linked nor N-linked oligosaccharides. a-i, wild-type CHO-K1 cells (CHO WT; a-c) or ldlD14 cells (d-i) were transfected with full-length Pmel expression vector and analyzed by IFM using NKI-beteb and rabbit anti-LAMP-1 as primary antibodies, Alexa488 anti-mouse Ig and Alexa594 anti-rabbit Ig as secondary antibodies. Shown are individual images for NKI-beteb (a, d, and g) and LAMP-1 (b, e, and h) and merged images (c, f, and i), and insets show x4 magnifications of the boxed regions. The cell with asterisk in g-i is representative of cells overexpressing Pmel in which LAMP-1 labeling is diminished. Arrows provide orientation among the different labeled insets. Note that Pmel labeling always abuts structures labeled by LAMP-1. j, MNT-1 melanoma cells were metabolically labeled for 30 min with [35S]methionine/cysteine and chased for 0 or 2 h in the absence (-) or presence of 2.4µ M tunicamycin (T) as described under "Experimental Procedures." Cell lysates were immunoprecipitated with NKI-beteb or {alpha}Pmel-N, and immunoprecipitates were fractionated by SDS-PAGE and analyzed by phosphorimaging. Indicated at left are positions of wild-type P1, P2, M{alpha}, and Mβ bands (arrows) and bands altered by tunicamycin treatment (*). Positions of Mr markers are indicated to the right.

 
To determine whether Pmel bears modifications other than N- or O-linked glycosylation, transfected CHO WT and ldlD14 cells were analyzed by metabolic pulse/chase and immunoprecipitation analyses. As shown in Fig. 8f, Pmel matures to a high Mr P2 form and to cleaved M{alpha} and Mβ forms by2hin both cell lines. However, the P2 and M{alpha} forms migrate faster in ldlD14 than in CHO WT, consistent with a loss of mass contributed by O-linked glycans. Moreover, both bands show increased migration upon treatment with PNGase F in both cell types, but whereas the treated P2 and P1 bands in CHO WT cells remain distinct, the P2 and P1 bands from ldlD14 collapse into a single band. This indicates that removal of both O- and N-linked oligosaccharides eliminates the migration differences between the core glycosylated P1 form and the mature P2 form in CHO cells.


Figure 10
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  		FIGURE 10.
Schematic diagram of Pmel isoforms in different compartments and their antibody reactivity. a, schematic diagram of the Pmel primary structure with domains indicated as in Fig. 1. Sites for addition of N-linked glycosylation sites, known O-linked glycosylation sites, and putative additional O-glycosylation sites (gray) are indicated; note that one N-linked glycan is never modified to the complex form (5, 24). Also indicated are binding sites for the six antibodies used in this study. Numbers at top indicate the positions of the amino acid boundaries for recognition by HMB50, NKI-beteb, and HMB45 and for the two known O-glycosylation sites (this study and see Ref. 25). Note that binding of HMB45 to the region bound by residues 328 and 344 requires the sialylated O-linked oligosaccharide, whereas binding of {alpha}Pmel-I to the same region is inhibited by O-glycosylation of the site. b, schematic diagram of the different processed forms of Pmel, indicating the intracellular compartment in which each form is primarily localized and whether or not the isoform reacts (Ab reactivity) with the antibodies {alpha}Pmel-N ({alpha}N), {alpha}Pmel-I ({alpha}I), HMB45 and {alpha}Pep13h ({alpha}13h). Modifications from one form to the next are highlighted in black, and core N- and O-linked glycans and glycan modifications (including sialic acid) are indicated as described in the figure. St II, stage II melanosomes. Scissors indicate cleavage events. The mature fibrils may contain either individual PKD and RPT domain fragments, tandem fragments, or both. A bar indicates disulfide bond linkage between the M{alpha} and Mβ fragments; the precise cysteine residues that contribute to this bond/these bonds are not yet known.

 
Pmel Trafficking Is Unaffected by Glycosylation—Although the HMB45 and {alpha}Pmel-I reactivity of Pmel in ldlD14 cells was expected based on the data described in Figs. 2, 5, and 6, the processing of Pmel to M{alpha} and Mβ fragments in these cells detected by immunoblotting with {alpha}Pep13h (Fig. 8e, top) and by metabolic pulse/chase analysis (Fig. 8f) was surprising. Pmel cleavage to M{alpha} and Mβ requires proprotein convertase activity in an acidic post-Golgi compartment (5, 15) and correlates with transport to multivesicular endosomes in HeLa cells (26). To determine whether Pmel trafficking requires O-glycosylation, Pmel localization was assessed in transfected ldlD14 cells by IFM using the O-glycosylation-insensitive NKI-beteb antibody. In CHO WT cells, Pmel was detected in vesicular structures throughout the cell body that were closely apposed to structures labeled for the lysosomal limiting membrane protein LAMP-1 (Fig. 9, a-c). This pattern is reminiscent of that observed for Pmel expressed in HeLa cells, in which Pmel localizes to the intraluminal membranes of multivesicular late endosomes (5, 26), suggesting that Pmel localizes similarly in CHO cells. LAMP-1-containing structures in ldlD14 cells were larger and more irregularly shaped than those in CHO WT cells (Fig. 9e), consistent with known functional requirements for O-glycosylation of lysosomal membrane proteins (54). In cells expressing moderate levels of Pmel, a cohort of NKI-beteb-reactive Pmel localized closely apposed to these LAMP-1-containing structures, although a significant cohort was found in separate punctate structures and the plasma membrane (Fig. 9, d-f). In cells overexpressing Pmel, a larger cohort of NKI-beteb-reactive Pmel colocalized with LAMP-1-containing structures, which were often more clustered in the perinuclear region and reduced in LAMP-1 content (Fig. 9, g-i). Together, these data suggest that Pmel reaches late endosomes/lysosomes in ldlD14 cells and might influence their physiology. This would imply that whereas O-glycosylation is required for stabilizing processed Pmel fragments derived from the RPT region, it is not required for transport of remaining Pmel fragments to late endosomal organelles.

If O-linked oligosaccharides are not necessary for transport, is there a requirement for N-linked oligosaccharides? To test this, MNT-1 cells were treated with tunicamycin, which inhibits transfer of core N-linked glycans from the dolichol-linked intermediate to asparagine acceptor sites on polypeptides. Because tunicamycin affects cell viability, transport was assessed indirectly by assaying for O-glycosylation and proteolytic maturation to M{alpha} and Mβ. As shown in Fig. 9j, tunicamycin resulted in the expected decrease in Mr for P1, P2, M{alpha}, and Mβ bands. Nevertheless, P2, M{alpha}, and Mβ were each generated to a similar extent in tunicamycin-treated cells and untreated controls, indicating that Pmel was O-glycosylated and transported to a compartment in which it was cleaved by a proprotein convertase. These data indicate that N-linked oligosaccharides are not required for Pmel progression through the Golgi to multivesicular endosomes.


   DISCUSSION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
 
Pmel17 is a critical component of the amyloid-like fibrils of melanosomes, but how it is delivered to melanosome precursors has been controversial. Here we combine epitope detection using different anti-Pmel antibodies with analyses of Pmel glycosylation, localization, and processing to show that only luminal products of post-Golgi-cleaved and Golgi-modified Pmel are detected in stage II melanosomes. Our data raise questions about the interpretation of previous results postulating the existence within these organelles of separate pools of Pmel, some of which lack Golgi modifications, and have important implications for the mechanism of Pmel fibril formation.

No Evidence for Immature Glycosylated Forms of Pmel or Precursors to Cleaved Products in Melanosomes—We have previously shown that post-Golgi cleavage of Pmel by a proprotein convertase is required to generate fibril-forming M{alpha} fragments (5, 15, 26), but it has been argued that uncleaved forms of Pmel with unprocessed N-linked oligosaccharides are found in stage II melanosomes or colocalized with endocytic and endosomal adaptors AP-1 and AP-2 in post-Golgi compartments (16, 25, 28, 38). Here we provide evidence that this is not the case. First, we unequivocally map epitopes for monoclonal antibodies HMB-50 and NKI-beteb to the PKD domain within M{alpha} (Fig. 10a), and not to a region downstream of M{alpha} as suggested previously (28). That these antibodies and HMB45, which recognizes a sialylated form of the RPT domain within M{alpha} (here and see Refs. 25 and 51), all detect stage II melanosomes by electron microscopy (14, 36) is consistent with the identification of M{alpha}-derived fragments in fibril preparations of stage II melanosomes (15, 16). Second, we show using IFM and deconvolution analyses that labeling of melanocytic cells by all three of these monoclonal antibodies does not overlap labeling by rabbit antibodies to the N or C terminus of Pmel or to the {alpha}Pmel-I epitope masked by O-glycosylation. These data indicate that only O-glycosylated forms of Pmel lacking the N and C termini exist within stage II melanosomes, consistent with Golgi-modified M{alpha} fragments spanning the PKD and RPT regions. We speculate that earlier observations of colocalization of immature Pmel detected by similar antibodies with stage II melanosomes or endosomes by IFM (16, 25, 28, 38) reflected nonspecific overlap because of the extensive labeling by the rabbit antibodies of ER and ERGIC membranes throughout the cell body. Third, we show that {alpha}Pmel-I labels primarily ERGIC membranes by immunoelectron microscopy. This is consistent with the notion that conventional mucin-like O-glycosylation is initiated by {alpha}GalNAc transferases in the Golgi (55, 56). Moreover, we show that processed forms of Pmel contain both O-linked oligosaccharides and modified N-linked oligosaccharides. We could not identify forms with O-linked oligosaccharides and unmodified N-linked oligosaccharides as reported previously (25). Finally, we show that forms of Pmel lacking O-linked glycans cannot be observed at the plasma membrane in melanocytes and are not accessible for endocytosis, contradicting the notion that immature Pmel is present in endocytic compartments (38). Together, these data strongly support the model that only Golgi-modified Pmel accesses endosomal or melanosomal compartments (3). Our findings are summarized in Fig. 10.

Most of the mature Pmel that can be detected by immunoblotting of subcellular fractions of melanocytic cells, representing the cohort present in melanosomes, consists of small fragments that are immunoreactive with HMB45 (12, 16). Careful scrutiny of the IFM data reveals important implications for the nature of these intermediates. Under strong fixation conditions, although all HMB50/NKI-beteb-labeled compartments were also labeled by HMB45, HMB45 detected a number of additional structures primarily in the cell periphery. We have made similar observations in mouse melanocytes expressing human Pmel, and HMB45, but not HMB50, detects a subset of stage III melanosomes by IEM in MNT-1 cells (Ref. 14).4 This suggests that as melanosomes mature, they lose immunoreactivity within the PKD domain earlier than within the RPT domain. Although proteolysis might account for sequential loss of Pmel fragments, epitope loss is more likely a consequence of masking by melanin (5, 14, 33). We thus speculate that the PKD becomes "buried" by melanin more rapidly during melanosome progression than the heavily glycosylated RPT domain, perhaps representing the primary site on which melanin intermediates begin to polymerize. Although full-length M{alpha} can be detected by {alpha}Pmel-N (labeling the Pmel N terminus) within fibril-enriched subcellular fractions of MNT-1 cells (15), the loss of {alpha}Pmel-N immunoreactivity within early stage melanosomes by IFM suggests that either the N terminus becomes sequestered even more rapidly or that the NTR is cleaved from the PKD-RPT fragment of M{alpha} early during fibril maturation. The latter is consistent with the small size of the major HMB45-reactive bands observed by immunoblotting and with our occasional (but inconsistent) detection of a 30-kDa {alpha}Pmel-N-reactive fragment, as expected for NTR with three N-linked glycans, in Triton X-100-insoluble fractions of MNT-1 cells, similar to that described elsewhere (28). Such fragments might be generated by lysosomal proteases within melanosomes (reviewed in Ref. 57). Although the role of NTR in Pmel biology is unclear, the data suggest that both PKD and RPT domains are functionally important components of melanosome fibrils (Fig. 10b).

Interestingly, although HMB50 and NKI-beteb react with precursor forms of Pmel in the ER and Golgi by immunoprecipitation, they do not significantly label early secretory compartments by IFM analyses. We speculate that this is a consequence of the high epitope density of mature, polymerized, and antibody-reactive Pmel isoforms on fibrils relative to the predicted lower density within the ER and Golgi. Indeed, both antibodies are capable of detecting Pmel that is accumulated within the ER when it is depleted from later compartments (12). Confirmation of this speculation will require a more effective means of quantitatively extracting Pmel from fibrils to accurately assess its concentration within them.

Role of Glycosylation in Pmel Function—That Pmel harbors both N- and O-linked glycans is well accepted. Our data and those previously published (25) show that sialylated O-linked glycans are added to at least two distinct sites within the RPT domain, within regions spanning residues 328-344 and 393-414 (Fig. 10a). Although there is no consensus site for serine or threonine modification by the initial {alpha}GalNAc linkage, acceptor sites tend to be rich in serine, threonine, and proline residues (58). These residues are present throughout the RPT domain, suggesting that O-glycan modifications might occur throughout the domain (Fig. 10a). The RPT domain has been shown to be required for the formation of amyloid-like Pmel fibrils in late endosomal compartments of HeLa cells (26, 51), but the extensive modification of this domain by O-glycans would likely, although not necessarily, impede the formation of the highly compact cross β-sheet structure that underlies the amyloid core (59). Perhaps the RPT domain functions as a regulator of fibril formation rather than a structural component.

Analyses of Pmel migration following deglycosylation with a combination of enzymes demonstrated two features of the heterogeneity of Pmel glycosylation. First, we detected no evidence for the existence of Pmel glycoforms bearing O-linked oligosaccharides with immature N-linked oligosaccharides. That such glycoforms exist was suggested by Valencia et al. (25) on the basis of the appearance of a rapidly migrating band reactive with the {alpha}PEP25h antibody, which has properties similar to that of {alpha}Pmel-I and detects only the immature P1 form of Pmel in untreated cell lysates, after treatment with O-glycanase and PNGase F. We interpret their data as representing the novel generation of an {alpha}PEP25h-reactive band derived by deglycosylation of the HMB45-reactive bands, analogous to that reactive with {alpha}Pmel-I in our experiment shown in Fig. 7 (right panels). This interpretation is consistent with the fact that the P1 band was not decreased in intensity after O-glycanase treatment in their experiments (25).

A second feature of glycosylation heterogeneity revealed by our data is that in MNT-1 cells, treatment of the Golgi-modified P2 band with both PNGase F and O-glycanases failed to reduce Mr to that of PNGase F-treated immature P1. These data indicate that mature Pmel bears some modification that is resistant to the combination of O-glycanases used in these experiments. By contrast, in O-glycosylation-deficient ldlD14 cells, PNGase F treatment results in an identical Mr for P2 and P1. This indicates that at least in CHO cells, all of the modifications of mature Pmel can be accounted for by both O- and N-linked glycosylation. To reconcile these data, we speculate that the additional modifications observed in MNT-1 cells are a distinct class of O-glycans bearing linkages other than β1,4-linked galactose and/or β1,6-linked N-acetylglucosamine, such as {alpha}-linked N-acetylgalactosamine common in many mucins (58). Whether these modifications are characteristic of melanocytic cells in general or acquired during the melanoma transformation of MNT-1 cells remains to be determined.

What function does glycosylation serve to Pmel? We show here that surprisingly, neither O-glycosylation nor N-glycosylation is required for biosynthetic folding and export from the ER or for downstream trafficking to endocytic compartments in which Pmel is cleaved by a proprotein convertase. On the other hand, the lack of accumulation of {alpha}Pmel-I-reactive low Mr products and the weak detection of {alpha}Pmel-I reactivity in late endosomes of ldlD14 cells suggests that O-glycosylation may be required for stabilization of Pmel RPT-derived fragments (but not NKI-beteb-reactive PKD-derived fragments) within hydrolytic compartments such as late endosomes, lysosomes, and melanosomes. Such a requirement for stabilization might explain the failure to observe fibrils in lec8 cells (25), in which only the primary {alpha}GalNAc linkage to serine or threonine and early Golgi modifications to N-linked oligosaccharides are expected to occur. We could not verify by electron microscopy analyses whether fibrils formed normally in ldlD14 cells because of low transfection efficiencies, but the lack of stable {alpha}Pmel-I-reactive low Mr fragments in these cells is consistent with a failure to form fibrils. Together, the data suggest that Pmel glycosylation is required for processes that occur down-stream of sorting, including stabilization of fibrils or interactions with other proteins. It will be of interest to determine whether N- or O-linked glycans play a direct or indirect role in fibril formation.


   FOOTNOTES
 
* This work was supported in part by National Institutes of Health Grant R01 AR048155, The Institut Curie, and CNRS. The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact. Back

1 Supported in part by NCI Training Grant T32-CA-009140 from the National Institutes of Health. Back

2 To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dept. of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 513 Stellar-Chance Laboratories, 422 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104-6100. Tel.: 215-898-3204; Fax: 215-573-4345; E-mail: marksm{at}mail.med.upenn.edu.

3 The abbreviations used are: Pmel, Pmel17; CS, proprotein convertase cleavage site; EndoH, endoglycosidase H; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; IFM, immunofluorescence microscopy; KLD, Kringle-like domain; NTR, N-terminal region; PE, phycoerythrin; PKD, polycystic kidney disease-1 repeat-like region; PNGase F, protein N-glycanase F; RPT, region of internal repeats; WT, wild-type; CHO, CHO-K1 cells; FACS, fluorescence-activated cell sorter; PBS, phosphate-buffered saline; mAb, monoclonal antibody; ERGIC, ER-Golgi intermediate compartment. Back

4 D. Tenza, A. C. Theos, G. Raposo, and M. S. Marks, unpublished data. Back


   ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
 
We thank Monty Krieger for providing the CHO WT and ldlD14 cells, Hans Peter Hauri for the antibody to ERGIC-53, and Brenda Watt for critical reading of the manuscript.



   REFERENCES
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 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
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