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Originally published In Press as doi:10.1074/jbc.M707928200 on December 19, 2007

J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 283, Issue 8, 4905-4911, February 22, 2008
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Isx Participates in the Maintenance of Vitamin A Metabolism by Regulation of β-Carotene 15,15'-Monooxygenase (Bcmo1) Expression*Formula

Yusuke Seino{ddagger}§, Takashi Miki{ddagger}, Hiroshi Kiyonari, Takaya Abe, Wakako Fujimoto{ddagger}||, Keita Kimura{ddagger}, Ayako Takeuchi1, Yoshihisa Takahashi{ddagger}, Yutaka Oiso§, Toshihiko Iwanaga||, and Susumu Seino{ddagger}1

From the {ddagger}Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan, the §Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan, the Laboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering, Center for Developmental Biology, RIKEN Kobe 650-0047, Japan, and the ||Laboratory of Histology and Cytology, Graduate School of Medicisne, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan

Received for publication, September 21, 2007 , and in revised form, December 18, 2007.


   ABSTRACT
TOP
 ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Isx (intestine specific homeobox) is an intestine-specific transcription factor. To elucidate its physiological function, we generated Isx-deficient mice by knocking in the β-galactosidase gene (LacZ) in the Isx locus (IsxLacZ/LacZ mice). LacZ staining of heterozygous (IsxLacZ/+) mice revealed that Isx was expressed abundantly in intestinal epithelial cells from duodenum to proximal colon. Quantitative mRNA expression profiling of duodenum and jejunum showed that β-carotene 15,15'-monooxygenase (EC1.14.99.36 Bcmo1) and the class B type I scavenger receptor, which are involved in vitamin A synthesis and carotenoid uptake, respectively, were drastically increased in IsxLacZ/LacZ mice. Although mild vitamin A deficiency decreased Isx expression in duodenum of wild-type (Isx+/+) mice, severe vitamin A deficiency decreased Isx mRNA expression in both duodenum and jejunum of Isx+/+ mice. On the other hand, vitamin A deficiency increased Bcmo1 expression in both duodenum and jejunum of Isx+/+ mice. However, Bcmo1 expression was not increased in duodenum of IsxLacZ/LacZ mice by mild vitamin A deficiency. These data suggest that Isx participates in the maintenance of vitamin A metabolism by regulating Bcmo1 expression in the intestine.


   INTRODUCTION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
The epithelium of the small intestine comprises four types of cells: absorptive epithelial cells that absorb nutrients in the intestine, goblet cells that secrete mucus, Paneth cells that secrete antibacterial lysozyme, and gut endocrine cells that secrete various intestinal hormones (1). All of these cells are known to differentiate from common stem cells located at the lower half of crypts. Regulation of various gene expression by transcription factors is essential in the process of differentiation of progenitor cells into functionally matured cells (2–4). Of the various transcription factors, homeodomain (HD)2 transcription factors play a critical role in differentiation, proliferation, and organogenesis (5). For example, HD transcription factors such as Hex (6), Pdx-1 (7), and Cdx (Cdx1 (8) and Cdx2 (9, 10)) are involved in the development of endodermal-derived tissues such as liver, pancreas, and intestine, respectively.

We previously identified an HD transcription factor Dmbx1, which is expressed specifically in the brain during development (11) and involved in the maintenance of energy homeostasis (12). To identify an HD transcription factor resembling Dmbx-1, we screened the entire murine genomic data base and identified a genomic sequence encoding a novel HD transcription factor. This transcription factor was found to be specifically expressed in midgut-derived intestine and so was initially named midgut homeobox transcriptional factor 1. However, midgut homeobox transcriptional factor 1 was later shown to be identical to Isx (intestine-specific homeobox) by Choi et al. (13). They reported that transgenic mice expressing Cdx2 in the stomach exhibited ectopic Isx expression in stomach and that homozygous Isx knock-out mice showed increased expression of SR-BI in duodenum and ileum.

To clarify the physiological role of Isx, we generated Isx-deficient mice by knocking in LacZ in the Isx locus (IsxLacZ/LacZ mice) and found that expression of Bcmo1, a carotinoid cleavage enzyme that converts β-carotene to retinal (precursor of retinol and retinoic acid) (14, 15), was drastically induced in duodenum and jejunum. We also found that although Bcmo1 expression was markedly induced in duodenum and jejunum of Isx+/+ mice by vitamin A deficiency, it was not increased in duodenum of IsxLacZ/LacZ mice. Thus, Isx participates in the maintenance of vitamin A metabolism by regulating Bcmo1 expression in the intestine.


   EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Generation of IsxLacZ/LacZ Mice and Transgenic Mice Overexpressing Isx—Isx knock-out (IsxLacZ/LacZ) mice (accession number CDB0475K, Center for Developmental Biology, RIKEN, Kobe, Japan) were generated by replacing the amino acid coding sequences in exon 1 of Isx with LacZ as described (supplemental Fig. S1). Embryonic stem cells used to generate germline chimera were TT2 (16), and the mutant mice were backcrossed to mouse strain C57BL/6. All of the animal procedures were approved by the Animal Care Committees of Kobe University and the Center for Developmental Biology. The details of IsxLacZ/LacZ mice production will be provided upon request. Transgenic mice overexpressing Isx were generated by cross-breeding CAG-Cre mice (ubiquitously expressing Cre recombinase) (17) and CAG-stop-Isx mice, in which Isx expression is induced after genomic recombination by Cre recombinase (supplemental Fig. S2).

In Situ Hybridization—Two nonoverlapping antisense oligonucleotide probes (45-mer in length) were designed for each mRNA of mouse Isx, Bcmo1, and SR-BI. The antisense probes used were complementary to the following sequences: 631–675 and 1031–1075 of mouse Isx (GenBankTM accession number AB219123); 427–471 and 1520–1564 of mouse Bcmo1 (GenBankTM accession number NM_021486); and 329–373 and 953–997 of mouse SR-BI (GenBankTM accession number NM_016741 [GenBank] ). Hybridization was performed at 42 °C for 10 h with a hybridization buffer containing 10,000 cpm/µl 33P-labeled oligonucleotide probe. Sections were exposed by dipping in auroradiographic emulsion (NTB-2; Kodak) at 4 °C for 8–12 weeks. The specificity of the hybridization was confirmed by identical leveling of two nonoverlapping probes and by the disappearance of the signals upon the addition of an excess of unlabeled antisense probe.

Southern Blot Analysis and Northern Blot Analysis—Southern blot analysis of mouse tail genomic DNA and Northern blot analysis of the tissues were performed by standardized procedures. The probe used for Southern blotting was a genomic DNA fragment as shown in supplemental Fig. S1. The probes for Northern blotting were the cDNA fragments of mouse Isx (corresponding to nucleotides +1 to +369 of GenBankTM accession number AB219123), mouse Cdx1 (corresponding to nucleotides +950 to +1283 of GenBankTM accession number NM_009880), and mouse Cdx2 (corresponding to nucleotides +487 to +891 of GenBankTM accession number NM_007673).

Real Time Reverse Transcriptase (RT)-PCR Analysis—Real time quantitative RT-PCR was performed by TaqMan probes (PerkinElmer Life Sciences) using a PE ABI PRIZM 7000 apparatus (PerkinElmer Life Sciences) as previously described (12). The amount of mRNA of the gene of interest was normalized by that of β-actin mRNA and expressed relative to that of wild-type (Isx+/+) mice.

Samples for Real Time RT-PCR—Duodenum was sampled from the proximal end of duodenum, and ileum was sampled from the region adjacent to cecum. Jejunum corresponds to the middle part of proximal duodenum and distal ileum.

PCR Analysis of Whole Embryo—PCR analysis was applied to assess the expression of Isx. As an internal control for RT, amplification of a fragment of mouse hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (Hprt) was carried out in parallel in each sample. RT-PCR experiment was performed under standardized conditions. PCR primers for mouse Hprt and Isx were; Isx, 5'-CACTTCACCCATTACCCTGAC-3' and 5'-CTATGTTGAAGTTGCACAGAT-3', and Hprt, 5'-TCTTTGCTGACCTGCTGGATT-3' and 5'-GGCTTTGTATTTGGCTTTTCC-3'. Denaturation was at 94 °C for 30 s, annealing was at 56 °C for 30 s, and extension was at 72 °C for 1 min for 35 cycles with hot start at 94 °C for 5 min.

LacZ Staining—For X-gal histochemistry, tissues were fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde and stained with buffer containing X-gal solution (phosphate-buffered saline, 5 mM potassium ferrocyanide, 5 mM potassium ferricyanide, 2 mM MgCl2) for 3–6 h.

Vitamin A-deficient Conditions—The vitamin A-sufficient (VAS) diet (containing 27 IU in reduced value of retinol/g) and the vitamin A-deficient (VAD) diet (less than 1 IU in reduced value of retinol/g) were from CLEA, Japan, Inc. The mice had free access to food and water. Isx+/+ (n = 4–9) and IsxLacZ/LacZ (n = 4–8) adult mice were fed a VAS diet for more than 4 weeks and then placed on a diet with marginal or sufficient vitamin A content for 18 days. Female mice on the VAD diet were placed in a mating cage. After getting pregnant, these female mice were housed individually and maintained on the VAD diet. After 49 days including the lactation period, the mice were euthanized, and the duodenum and jejunum were sampled.

Statistical Analysis—The data are expressed as the means ± S.E. Comparisons were made using Student's t test. A probability level of p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.


   RESULTS
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Isolation of Isx from Different Species—Mouse Isx cDNA encodes 240 amino acids, with one HD in the middle and glutamine at the 50th position in the HD. Isx is structurally a paired-like HD transcription factor. We also cloned the human, rat, and bovine homologs of this transcription factor (supplemental Fig. S3).

Spatial and Temporal Expression Patterns of Isx—Northern blot analysis showed expression of Isx in the small intestine, but none at all in the esophagus and stomach (Fig. 1A). To further examine expression sites in the intestine, 0.5-cm-thick samples collected each 2 cm from the duodenum to the rectum were subjected to Northern blot analysis (Fig. 1B). Isx was expressed at very high levels from the ileum to the proximal colon and at low levels in the proximal duodenum. Expression patterns of Isx closely resembled those of Cdx2, except that Cdx2 was expressed in the distal colon, whereas Isx was not. Furthermore, to investigate expression of Isx in the crypt-villus axis of the intestine, the adult intestinal tract (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum) was subjected to in situ hybridization. mRNA expression of Isx in the small intestine was detected from the upper crypt to the villus along the axis, but in each villus, expression weakened toward the tip (Fig. 1C). Analysis by RT-PCR of the temporal profile of Isx expression during embryogenesis indicated that Isx was clearly expressed after E9.5 (Fig. 1D). To investigate the expression and physiological role of Isx, we generated mice in which LacZ was knocked in the Isx locus (supplemental Fig. S1). First, adult IsxLacZ/+ (heterozygous) mice were analyzed by X-gal staining to identify the location of Isx expression (Fig. 1E). In adults, the major part of the intestine was intensely labeled, but the proximal end of duodenum was weakly stained, and the distal half of the large intestine was mostly unstained, a finding consistent with the results of Northern blot analysis for Isx. In addition, expression of Isx during the prenatal period (E15.5) and 2 days after birth (P2) was examined in IsxLacZ/+ fetuses and neonates (Fig. 1F). At E15.5, Isx was expressed throughout the intestine, including the lower half of the large intestine, but at P2, the expression in the lower half of large intestine was markedly reduced, indicating that the Isx expression pattern in neonates resembles that in adults. This suggests that Isx expression in the intestine becomes restricted to the midgut region with fetal development.


Figure 1
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  		FIGURE 1.
Expression profile of Isx. A, Northern blot analysis of Isx in tissues of an adult mouse. B, Northern blot analysis of Isx in various segments of the intestine of an adult mouse. Segments of intestinal tract 5 mm thick were dissected every 2 cm from duodenum to rectum. Total RNAs (10 µg/lane) from rostral to anal segments were sequentially run on the gel (from left to right in Fig. 1B). C, in situ hybridization experiment of Isx in the small intestine of an adult Isx+/+ mouse. Scale bar, 100 µm. D, mRNA expression of Isx during mouse embryogenesis. The results of RT-PCR of Isx (upper panel) and Hprt (lower panel) of whole mouse embryos are shown. E and F, X-Gal staining of intestine in adult (E), fetus (E17.5) (F, left), and neonate (P2) (F, right). IsxLacZ/+ intestines were used. Sp, spleen; St, stomach; P, pancreas; C, cecum; Co, colon.

 
Increased Expression of SR-BI in IsxLacZ/LacZ Mice—To comprehensively analyze the effects of Isx on gene expression, we performed microarray analysis of duodenal samples from both Isx+/+ and IsxLacZ/LacZ mice. We focused on genes expressed at relatively high levels in the duodenum of Isx+/+ mice. We found that expression of the SR-BI transcript (18, 19) was elevated in IsxLacZ/LacZ mice. mRNA expression of SR-BI was then analyzed by real time RT-PCR. Compared with Isx+/+ mice, mRNA expression of SR-BI for IsxLacZ/LacZ mice was significantly increased in duodenum, jejunum, and terminal ileum (Fig. 2A). These data were confirmed morphologically by in situ hybridization (Fig. 2B). Previous studies showing that expression of SR-BI is strong in duodenum but weak in jejunum and ileum (20, 21) also accord with the present results (Fig. 2B). Compared with Isx+/+ mice, no significant increase in SR-BI was detected in IsxLacZ/+ mice (data not shown).

Increased Expression of Bcmo1 in IsxLacZ/LacZ Mice—Because it has been reported that SR-BI is involved in absorption of various substrates such as β-carotene, luiten, and vitamin E (22–26) in addition to cholesterol (18, 19, 27), we reanalyzed the microarray data to include the genes associated with transport of these substrates. Interestingly, we found that expression of Bcmo1, an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion from β-carotene to retinal (14, 15), was higher in IsxLacZ/LacZ mice than in Isx+/+ mice. To ascertain changes in Bcmo1 in IsxLacZ/LacZ mice, real time RT-PCR was performed (Fig. 3A). In IsxLacZ/LacZ mice, expression of Bcmo1 was increased markedly in duodenum and jejunum and somewhat in terminal ileum. Expression of Bcmo1 in IsxLacZ/+ mice was significantly higher in duodenum and jejunum compared with Isx+/+ mice. In situ hybridization confirmed that Bcmo1 expression was drastically induced in the epithelium of duodenum and jejunum of IsxLacZ/LacZ mice (Fig. 3B).

Changes in Expression of SR-BI and Bcmo1 in IsxLacZ/+ and IsxLacZ/LacZ Fetuses—Expression of Bcmo1 and SR-BI was examined in the intestines of E17.5 Isx+/+, IsxLacZ/+, and IsxLacZ/LacZ fetuses (Tables 1 and 2). As in adult, expression of Bcmo1 in IsxLacZ/LacZ fetuses was markedly increased in duodenum and jejunum (Tables 1 and 2). Expression of Bcmo1 in IsxLacZ/+ fetuses also was significantly higher in duodenum and in jejunum compared with Isx+/+ fetuses (Tables 1 and 2). Expression of SR-BI in IsxLacZ/LacZ fetuses was moderately but significantly higher in duodenum, jejunum, and ileum compared with Isx+/+ fetuses (Tables 1 and 2). The degree of increase in SR-BI in fetuses was less than in adults.


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  		TABLE 1
Expression of Bcmo1 mRNA in IsxLacZ/+ and IsxLacZ/LacZ fetuses at E17.5 Expression of Bcmo1 and SR-BI mRNA in duodenum, jejunum, and ileum was assessed by real time RT-PCR. mRNA expression of Bcmo1 (normalized by β-actin) in IsxLacZ/+ (n = 10, LacZ/+) and IsxLacZ/LacZ (n = 8, LacZ/LacZ) fetuses is expressed relative to those in Isx+/+ fetuses (n = 11, +/+).

 


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  		TABLE 2
Expression of SR-BI mRNA in IsxLacZ/LacZ fetuses at E17.5 Expression of Bcmo1 and SR-BI mRNA in duodenum, jejunum, and ileum was assessed by real time RT-PCR. mRNA expression of SR-BI (normalized by β-actin) in and IsxLacZ/LacZ (n = 8, LacZ/LacZ) fetuses is expressed relative to those in Isx+/+ fetuses (n = 11, +/+).

 
Effects of Overexpression of Isx on Transcriptional Regulation of Bcmo1 and SR-BI—The effect of overexpression of Isx was further studied in mouse intestine using a transgenic approach. We generated CAG-stop-Isx mice, in which Isx expression is induced only after genomic recombination by Cre recombinase (supplemental Fig. S2A). Expression of Isx was then induced by crossing the mice with CAG-Cre mice (17). The double mutant (CAG-stop-Isx::CAG-Cre) mice exhibited a high mortality rate at birth (the relative number of the double mutants at postnatal day 1 (P1) was approximately one-tenth that expected from Mendelian law), but the surviving individuals had no apparent gross abnormality in adults. The expression of Isx in intestine was confirmed by Northern blot analysis (supplemental Fig. S2B), and mRNA expression of Bcmo1 and SR-BI in duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and liver was examined by real time RT-PCR. Interestingly, the transgenic expression of Isx significantly decreased Bcmo1 expression in the ileum (the relative expression of Bcmo1 (Bcmo1/β-actin) in CAG-stop-Isx::CAG-Cre mice was 0.46-fold lower compared with control (CAG-Cre) mice) (Table 3). Bcmo1 expression in the duodenum and jejunum of CAG-stop-Isx::CAG-Cre mice seemed to show a similar tendency, but there was no statistical significance because of a large variation among the samples. By contrast, the expression of SR-BI did not change in duodenum, jejunum, or ileum.


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  		TABLE 3
Effect of Isx overexpression on expression of Bcmo1 and SR-BI in mice mRNA expression of Bcmo1 and SR-BI (normalized by β -actin) in duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and liver of transgenic mice overexpressing Isx (CAG-stop-Isx::CAG-Cre) mice (n = 4–6) is expressed relative to those of control (CAG-Cre) mice (n = 4–6).

 


Figure 2
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  		FIGURE 2.
Changes in SR-BI expression in IsxLacZ/LacZ mice. A, real time RT-PCR of SR-BI in duodenum, jejunum, and ileum of adult mice. mRNA expression of SR-BI (normalized byβ-actin) in IsxLacZ/LacZ mice (n = 5–10) is expressed relative to that in Isx+/+ mice (n = 5–9). B, in situ hybridization of SR-BI in adult Isx+/+ and IsxLacZ/LacZ mice. Samples from duodenum, jejunum, and ileum of both genotypes were used. +/+, Isx+/+; LacZ/LacZ, IsxLacZ/LacZ.

 
Changes in Expression of Isx, Bcmo1, and SR-BI by Vitamin A Deficiency—The effects of vitamin A deficiency in the intestine on the expression of Isx were first examined in Isx+/+ mice. Expression of Bcmo1 in Isx+/+ mice fed a VAD diet for 18 days was significantly elevated in duodenum, jejunum, and ileum compared with Isx+/+ mice fed a VAS diet (Fig. 4A). Although no differences in expression of SR-BI in duodenum and ileum between the two groups were found, its expression in jejunum of mice fed a VAD diet was higher than in mice fed a VAS diet (Fig. 4A). Isx expression in duodenum of mice fed a VAD diet was significantly decreased compared with that in mice fed a VAS diet (Fig. 4A).

Compared with Isx+/+ female mice fed the VAS diet, the expression of Isx in Isx+/+ female mice fed the VAD diet for 49 days including the pregnancy and lactation period was markedly decreased in both duodenum and jejunum (Fig. 4B). Changes in expression of Bcmo1 and SR-BI in duodenum and jejunum also were examined in IsxLacZ/LacZ mice fed the VAD diet for 18 days (Fig. 4C). Compared with IsxLacZ/LacZ mice fed the VAS diet, the expression of Bcmo1 and SR-BI in jejunum of IsxLacZ/LacZ mice fed the VAD diet was significantly higher (Fig. 4C). However, unlike Isx+/+ mice, the expression of Bcmo1 in duodenum of IsxLacZ/LacZ mice was not increased by the VAD diet for 18 days (Fig. 4C).


Figure 3
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  		FIGURE 3.
Expression of Bcmo1 mRNA in intestine of adult IsxLacZ/+ and IsxLacZ/LacZ mice. A, real time RT-PCR of Bcmo1 in duodenum, jejunum, and ileum of adult mice. mRNA expression of Bcmo1 (normalized byβ-actin) in IsxLacZ/+ (n = 4) and IsxLacZ/LacZ mice (n = 10–18) is expressed relative to that inIsx+/+ mice (n = 8–18). B, in situ hybridization of Bcmo1 in adult Isx+/+ and IsxLacZ/LacZ mice. Samples from duodenum, jejunum, and ileum of both genotypes were used. +/+, Isx+/+; LacZ/+, IsxLacZ+; LacZ/LacZ, IsxLacZ/LacZ.

 

   DISCUSSION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
 
HD transcription factors play critical roles in cell differentiation, cell proliferation, and organogenesis. Because Isx, an HD transcription factor, is expressed in crypts, the Isx gene likely is involved in intestinal differentiation and function, but no abnormalities in length or morphology of villi of small intestine and upper colon were apparent in IsxLacZ/LacZ mice. In addition, bromodeoxyuridine labeling showed no differences in proliferation of intestinal epithelium between Isx+/+ and IsxLacZ/LacZ mice (data not shown), indicating that Isx is not essential for proliferation of intestinal epithelium.


Figure 4
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  		FIGURE 4.
Effect of vitamin A deficiency on Bcmo1, SR-BI, and Isx expression in adult mice. A, expression of Bcmo1, SR-BI, and Isx mRNAs in adult Isx+/+ mice. mRNA expression of these genes (normalized by β-actin) in Isx+/+ mice fed a VAD diet (n = 4–7) for 18 days was assessed by real time RT-PCR and is expressed relative to that in Isx+/+ mice fed a VAS diet (n = 5–9). B, Northern blot analysis of Isx in duodenum and jejunum of an adult Isx+/+ mouse exposed to severe vitamin A deficiency (VAD diet for 49 days including the latter half of gestation and lactation). The samples were from an Isx+/+ mouse fed a VAS diet (+/+ (VAS)), an Isx+/+ mouse fed a VAD diet (+/+ (VAD)), and an IsxLacZ/LacZ mouse fed a VAS diet (LacZ/LacZ (VAS)). C, expression of Bcmo1 and SR-BI by 18-day-feeding with a VAD diet in adult IsxLacZ/LacZ mice. mRNA expression of (normalized by β-actin) in IsxLacZ/LacZ mice fed a VAD diet (n = 4) was assessed by real time RT-PCR and is expressed relative to those in IsxLacZ/LacZ mice fed a VAS diet (n = 8).

 
Microarray analysis and subsequent real time RT-PCR for quantification revealed that SR-BI mRNA expression was elevated in IsxLacZ/LacZ mouse intestine. SR-BI is a molecule originally identified as a member of the CD36 protein family (28, 29). Although SR-BI is involved in cholesterol absorption in intestine (18, 19, 27), no differences were found in fasting levels of cholesterol and triglyceride and in expression levels of genes involved in cholesterol absorption between Isx+/+ and IsxLacZ/LacZ mice (data not shown).

Because SR-BI is known to have low specificity for substrates and to transport various molecules in addition to cholesterols (22–26), Isx may regulate SR-BI transcription to control the absorption of molecules other than cholesterols. Accordingly, we reanalyzed the microarray data to determine whether any genes involved in transport or metabolism of substrates of SR-BI were expressed differently in IsxLacZ/LacZ mice. The expression of Bcmo1 in duodenum was found to be markedly elevated. It has been shown that the ninaB and ninaD mutations of the Bcmo1 and SR-BI gene, respectively, are responsible for visual abnormalities in Drosophila (30). Because Bcmo1 controls the synthesis of vitamin A from β-carotene, and SR-BI participates in β-carotene absorption (22, 23, 30), Isx may well be involved in β-carotene absorption and/or vitamin A production and metabolism.

The drastically increased mRNA expression of Bcmo1 in IsxLacZ/LacZ mice might be secondary to insufficient β-carotene absorption or impaired retinol production in IsxLacZ/LacZ mice or to removal of the suppressive effect of Isx on Bcmo1 by Isx deficiency. In fetuses, vitamin A is supplied through blood flow via the placenta (31). Thus, in adult IsxLacZ/LacZ mice, whereas insufficient intestinal β-carotene absorption or impaired intestinal vitamin A synthesis might induce compensatory increases in Bcmo1 expression, the expression of intestinal Bcmo1 in E17.5 IsxLacZ/LacZ fetuses should not be increased. However, the expression of Bcmo1 in duodenum and jejunum in E17.5 IsxLacZ/LacZ fetuses was found to be markedly increased, as in adults. This suggests that Isx suppresses the expression of Bcmo1 directly. The finding that expression of Bcmo1 in duodenum and jejunum of IsxLacZ/+ fetuses is significantly higher than that of Isx+/+ fetuses also suggests Isx suppression of transcription of Bcmo1.

To further investigate Isx regulation of the expression of Bcmo1 and SR-BI, we investigated changes in mRNA expression using the intestinal cell line CaCo2 and transgenic mice. Although overexpression of Isx did not alter the expression of Bcmo1 and SR-BI in CaCo2 cells (data not shown), the lack of effect could be due to the fact that the CaCo2 cell line was originally established from adenocarcinoma in colon, in which Bcmo1 is expressed very little, and the role of Isx on transcriptional regulation of Bcmo1 and SR-BI could not be determined. We then generated transgenic mice overexpressing Isx to assess the effect of Isx on Bcmo1 and SR-BI expression. Contradicting the results of the experiment using CaCo2 cells, overexpression of Isx in the ileum inhibited Bcmo1 expression, indicating that Isx directly suppresses Bcmo1 transcription. Bcmo1 also is expressed in liver (32). However, the expression of Bcmo1 in liver was not altered by overexpression of Isx, suggesting that the effect of Isx on Bcmo1 expression differs among cell types. Unlike Bcmo1, SR-BI expression in ileum and jejunum was not affected by Isx overexpression, suggesting that increased Isx does not have a suppressive effect on SR-BI expression in these regions.


Figure 5
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  		FIGURE 5.
Model of compensatory mechanism of vitamin A synthesis in intestine in vitamin A-deficient states. A, transactivation of Bcmo1 in duodenum and jejunum by mild vitamin A deficiency. Mild vitamin A deficiency down-regulates Isx expression in the duodenum (A, left panel). Decreased Isx expression results in increased Bcmo1 expression, leading to an increase in vitamin A synthesis. By contrast, mild vitamin A deficiency fails to affect Isx expression but increases Bcmo1 expression in the jejunum (A, right panel). Transactivation of Bcmo1 mediated by the binding of RA to RAR is likely involved in this regulation. B, transactivation of Bcmo1 in jejunum by severe vitamin A deficiency. Severe vitamin A deficiency drastically increases Bcmo1 expression in the jejunum. Under such conditions, suppression of Isx expression as well as RAR-mediated regulation (shown in the right panel in A) participates in up-regulation of Bcmo1 expression.

 
In IsxLacZ/LacZ mice, expression of Bcmo1, a key enzyme for vitamin A synthesis, was markedly increased in both duodenum and jejunum. Vitamin A deficiency has been clearly shown to increase gene expression of Bcmo1 (33). Indeed, mild vitamin A deficiency (VAD diet for 18 days) increased expression of Bcmo1 in duodenum, jejunum, and ileum but significantly increased expression of SR-BI only in jejunum. Interestingly, mild vitamin A deficiency significantly decreased expression of Isx in duodenum of Isx+/+ mice, whereas expression of Bcmo1 in duodenum was not increased by mild vitamin A deficiency in IsxLacZ/LacZ mice, indicating that, at least in duodenum, a decrease in expression of Isx is required for increased expression of Bcmo1 in a vitamin A-deficient state. By contrast, in jejunum, the expression of Isx in Isx+/+ mice was not decreased by mild vitamin A deficiency, whereas the expression of Bcmo1 was significantly increased. In addition, the expression of Bcmo1 in jejunum was significantly increased in both Isx+/+ and IsxLacZ/LacZ mice by mild vitamin A deficiency, suggesting that the increase in Bcmo1 expression in jejunum by mild vitamin A deficiency is mediated through an Isx-independent mechanism. We also found that expression of Isx mRNA was markedly decreased in duodenum and jejunum of Isx+/+ mice by severe vitamin A deficiency (VAD diet for 49 days including pregnancy and lactation periods). Because vitamin A is required for mothers, especially over a period from the latter half of gestation to lactation, a VAD diet might well lead to decreased Isx expression in both duodenum and jejunum to maintain vitamin A metabolism in these mice.

Vitamin A is an essential vitamin for light perception and formation of bones and brain in mammals. Thus, it is not surprising that expression of factors controlling vitamin A metabolism such as Bcmo1 is tightly regulated by vitamin A and/or carotenoids (33). It has been shown that binding of retinoic acid (RA) to retinoic acid receptors (RARs) represses Bcmo1 expression (33). In addition, it has been reported that formation of a heterodimer with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor {gamma} and retinoid X receptors is involved in the expression of Bcmo1 (34, 35). Although the possibility cannot be excluded that Isx interacts directly with retinoid X receptors or RARs, Isx most probably regulates transcription of Bcmo1 in jejunum through a mechanism distinct from that mediated by RARs (Fig. 5). Isx is the first homeodomain transcription factor reported that controls vitamin A metabolism and the expression of which is controlled by vitamin A abundance. Further studies are required to clarify the precise mechanism of Isx expression and its role in disorders of vitamin A metabolism in humans.


   FOOTNOTES
 
* This work was supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Specially Promoted Research and for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports, Culture, and Technology and by a Grant-in-Aid for CREST (Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology. The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact. Back

Formula The on-line version of this article (available at http://www.jbc.org) contains supplemental Figs. S1–S3. Back

1 To whom correspondence should be addressed: 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuoku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan. Tel.: 81-78-382-5360; Fax: 81-78-382-5370; E-mail: seino{at}med.kobe-u.ac.jp.

2 The abbreviations used are: HD, homeodomain; Bcmo1, β-carotene 15,15'-monooxygenase; SR-BI, scavenger receptor, class B, type I; Hprt, hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase; VAS, vitamin A-sufficient; VAD, vitamin A-deficient; En, embryonic day n; Pn, postpartum day n; RA, retinoic acid; RARs, retinoic acid receptors; RT, reverse transcriptase; X-gal, 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-β-D-galactopyranoside. Back


   ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
 
We thank K.-I. Miyamoto (Tokushima University) for helpful suggestions for the study.



   REFERENCES
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
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W. C. Leung, S. Hessel, C. Meplan, J. Flint, V. Oberhauser, F. Tourniaire, J. E. Hesketh, J. von Lintig, and G. Lietz
Two common single nucleotide polymorphisms in the gene encoding {beta}-carotene 15,15'-monoxygenase alter {beta}-carotene metabolism in female volunteers
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