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Papers In Press, published online ahead of print January 5, 2007
J. Biol. Chem, 10.1074/jbc.M610946200
Submitted on November 28, 2006
Revised on December 28, 2006
Accepted on January 5, 2007

Biochemical and functional analyses of the human toll-like receptor 3 ectodomain

C. T. Ranjith-Kumar, William Miller, Jin Xiong, William K. Russell, Roberta Lamb, Jonathan Santos, Karen E. Duffy, Larissa Cleveland, Mary Park, Kanchan Bhardwaj, Zhaoxiang Wu, David H. Russell, Robert T. Sarisky, M. Lamine Mbow, and C. Cheng Kao

Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843

Corresponding Author: ckao{at}tamu.edu

The structure of the human Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) ectodomain (ECD) was recently solved by X-ray crystallography, leading to a number of models concerning TLR3 function (Choe, J., Kelker, M. S., and Wilson, I. A. (2005). Science 309, 581-585 and Bell, J. K., Botos, I., Hall, P. R., Askins, J., Shiloach, J., Segal, D. M., and Davies, D. R. (2005) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102, 10976-10980) The structure revealed four pairs of cysteines that are putatively involved in disulfide bond formation, several residues that are predicted to be involved in dimerization between ECD subunits, and surfaces that could bind to poly(I:C). In addition, there are two loops that protrude from the central solenoid structure of the protein. We examined the recombinant TLR3 ECD for disulfide bond formation, poly(I:C) binding, and protein-protein interaction. We also made over 80 mutations in the residues that could affect these features in the full-length TLR3 were examined their effects in TLR3-mediated NF-kB activation. A number of mutations that affected TLR3 activity also affected the ability to act as dominant negative inhibitors of wild-type TLR3. Loss of putative RNA binding did not necessarily affect dominant negative activity. All of the results support a model where a dimer of TLR3 is the form that binds RNA and activates signal transduction.


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