Papers In Press, published online ahead of print March 26, 2008
J. Biol. Chem, 10.1074/jbc.M710463200
Submitted on December 22, 2007
Revised on February 25, 2008
Accepted on March 26, 2008
C-terminal movement during gating in cyclic nucleotide-modulated channels
Kimberley B. Craven, Nelson B. Olivier, and William N. Zagotta
Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA 98195
Corresponding Author: zagotta{at}u.washington.edu
Activation of cyclic nucleotide-modulated channels such as CNG and HCN channels is promoted by ligand-induced conformational changes in their C-terminal regions. The primary intersubunit interface of these C-termini includes two salt bridges per subunit, formed between three residues (one positively charged and two negatively charged amino acids) that we term the SB triad. We previously hypothesized that the SB triad is formed in the closed channel and breaks when the channel opens. Here we tested this hypothesis by dynamically manipulating the SB triad in functioning CNGA1 channels. Reversing the charge at positions R431 and E462, two of the SB triad residues, by either mutation or application of charged reagents increased the favorability of channel opening. To determine how a charge reversal mutation in the SB triad structurally affects the channel, we solved the crystal structure of the HCN2 C-terminal region with the equivalent E462R mutation. The backbone structure of this mutant was very similar to that of wild-type, but the SB triad was rearranged such that both salt bridges did not always form simultaneously, suggesting a mechanism for the increased ease of opening of the mutant channels. To prevent movement in the SB triad, we tethered two components of the SB triad region together with cysteine-reactive crosslinkers. Preventing normal movement of the SB triad region with short crosslinkers inhibited channel opening, whereas longer crosslinkers did not. These results support our hypothesis that the SB triad forms in the closed channel and indicate that this region expands as the channel opens.