Identification of Calcium-modulating Cyclophilin Ligand (CAML) as Transducer of Angiotensin II-mediated Nuclear Factor of Activated T Cells (NFAT) Activation*

Angiotensin II (Ang II) plays a central role in cardiovascular physiology and disease. Ang II type I receptor (AT1) is thought to mediate most actions of Ang II. A novel AT1 receptor intracellular partner called AT1 receptor-associated protein (ATRAP) was identified, but its exact function has not been elucidated. A yeast two-hybrid screen using ATRAP as bait identified calcium-modulating cyclophilin ligand (CAML) as an ATRAP partner. Yeast two-hybrid and coimmunoprecipitation analysis demonstrated that the N-terminal hydrophilic domain of CAML (amino acids (aa) 1–189) mediates a specific interaction between ATRAP and CAML. Our analysis also showed that aa 40–82 of ATRAP contribute to this interaction. Bioluminescence resonance energy transfer and intracellular colocalization analysis by immunofluorescence in HEK293 cells verified this association within endoplasmic reticulum vesicular structures. Functionally, transcriptional reporter assays and RNA interference ATRAP experiments demonstrated that ATRAP knockdown increased nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) activity. Overexpression of ATRAP decreased Ang II- or CAML-induced NFAT transcriptional activation, whereas an ATRAP-interacting domain of CAML (aa 1–189) sensitized NFAT activation in response to Ang II. These results indicate that CAML is an important signal transducer for the actions of Ang II in regulating the calcineurin-NFAT pathway and suggest that the interaction of CAML with ATRAP may mediate the Ang II actions in vascular physiology.

The octapeptide pressor hormone angiotensin II (Ang II), 1 a key player in the renin-angiotensin system, mediates vasoconstriction and regulates salt and fluid homeostasis, contributing to the etiology of hypertension. In addition, Ang II is involved in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis and cardiac hypertrophy and failure (1)(2)(3). Two distinct subtypes of Ang II receptors, type 1 (AT1) and type 2 (AT2), have been characterized (4 -7). Binding of Ang II to the G-protein-coupled receptor AT1, which is thought to mediate most of the biological responses of Ang II, leads to rapid activation of heterotrimeric G proteins (G␣ q/11 , G␣ 12/13 , and G␤␥) that subsequently activate phospholipase C␤ and phospholipase C␥ to generate inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate and diacylglycerol, which in turn cause intracellular calcium mobilization and activation of protein kinase C, respectively (3,8,9). Ang II has also been shown to stimulate phospholipase A2, phospholipase D, tyrosine kinases, Janus kinase (JAK), and mitogenactivated kinases (8, 10 -13). It appears that the diversity of Ang II actions is regulated at the level of AT1 receptor, where different adaptor proteins may preferentially recruit second messenger pathways in different types of cells to execute the distinct functions of Ang II in the target cells. Therefore understanding the AT1 receptor-associated proteins is a key step to understanding the molecular basis of Ang II signaling.
A novel protein, AT1 receptor-associated protein (ATRAP), has been identified in our laboratory and shown to be an intracellular partner of the AT1 receptor, interacting physically with the receptor both in vitro and in vivo (14,15). Functionally, ATRAP is capable of reducing the generation of inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate in an agonist-dependent manner and of enhancing AT1 internalization (14 -16). In this study, we analyzed the function of ATRAP in cell signaling via identification of ATRAP-interacting partners. We identified calcium-modulating cyclophilin ligand (CAML) as an ATRAP partner and present evidence that this interaction contributes to the ATRAP-mediated AT1 receptor signaling pathway.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Reagents and Plasmids-ATRAP full-length cDNA or deletions were cloned into vector pGBKT7 as described (14). Mouse CAML was cloned from a mouse heart cDNA library (Clontech) by standard PCR with a forward primer containing an NdeI site: 5Ј-cgg gaa tcc cat atg gag ccg gtg cct gcg gcc ac-3Ј and a reverse primer containing a BamH1 site: 5Ј-gcg cgg atc ctc agg gta ctt cag gac ccc agt aat c-3Ј. The full-length CAML cDNA was cloned into pGADT7 vector at NdeI and BamH1 cloning sites. Fulllength CAML (aa 1-296), CAML N terminus (aa 1-189), and CAML C terminus (aa 189 -296) were cloned into pGFP-N2 (BioSignal Packard, Montreal, Canada) expression vector with BglII and KpnI. PCR primers were: CAML1-189, 5Ј-aaa gag atc ttt aat acg act c-3Ј and 5Ј-gcg cgg tac caa ata ttc gaa aag atg caa ac-3Ј; CAML189 -296, 5Ј-gga aga tct acc atg ggg ttt cga ttg gtg ggg tgc-3Ј and 5Ј-gcg cgg tac cgg gta ctt cag gac ccc ag-3Ј; CAML1-296, 5Ј-aaa gag atc ttt aat acg act c-3Ј, and 5Ј-gcg cgg tac cgg gta att cag gac ccc a-3Ј. Full-length CAML also was cloned into pRluc expression vector (BioSignal Packard, Montreal, Canada) with luciferase fused to the N-or C-terminal ends. All the vectors were sequenced, and the inserts were confirmed to be in the correct reading frame. * This work was supported by National Institutes of Health Grant HL058516 (to V. J. D.) and Scientist Development Grant 0435427T from the American Heart Association (to M. L.-I.). The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
§ Both authors contributed equally to this work. ʈ To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel.: 919-684-2255; E-mail: victor.dzau@duke.edu. 1 The abbreviations used are: Ang II, angiotensin II; AT1, Ang II type 1 receptor; ATRAP, AT1 receptor-associated protein; GFP, green fluorescent protein; RFP, red fluorescent protein; HA, hemagglutinin; NFAT, nuclear factor of activated T cells; CAML, calcium-modulating cyclophilin ligand; aa, amino acids; BRET, bioluminescence resonance energy transfer; siRNA, small interference RNA; PBS, phosphatebuffered saline; bis-tris, 2-[bis (2-hydroxyethyl) Yeast Two-hybrid Screen-A pretransformed cDNA library from mouse testis constructed in fusion with the GAL4 activation domain was purchased from Clontech. The yeast reporter strain AH109 (Clontech) containing three GAL4-inducible reporter genes (His, Ade2, and LacZ) was cotransformed with ATRAP fused to Gal4 DNA binding domain cloned into the two-hybrid expression vector pGBKT7. Double transformants were plated on yeast SD drop-out medium lacking tryptophan, leucine, adenine, and histidine (QDO). The transformants were grown, and clones were then patched on selective medium. The yeast ␣-galactosidase activity, expressed from the MEL1 gene in response to Gal4 activation, was determined in plates containing X-␣-gal (2 mg/ml) as a chromogenic substrate. The cDNA inserts from positive clones were then sequenced.
Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer (BRET) Assays-ATRAP and CAML were cloned in-frame into the expression vectors pRluc and pGFP2 (Biosignal, PerkinElmer Life Sciences). Their identity was verified by DNA sequencing. For experiments on the interaction of ATRAP with CAML, HEK293 cells were transiently transfected with Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen) at a ratio of 3:1 of green fluorescent protein (GFP):luciferase constructs. 48 h after transfection, HEK293 cells were detached with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)/EDTA and washed twice with PBS. Approximately 50,000 cells/ well were distributed in a 96-well microplate (White Optiplate, PerkinElmer Life Sciences). The DeepBlue coelenterazine substrate (PerkinElmer Life Sciences) was added at a final concentration of 5 M, and readings were collected with a Victor microplate reader (PerkinElmer Life Sciences) that permits detection of signals using filters at 410 and 515 nm wavelengths.
Fluorescence Microscopy-HEK293 cells were seeded in glass coverslips and cotransfected with DNA constructs expressing CAML⅐ GFP or ATRAP⅐RFP. 48 h after transfection, the cells were fixed and permeabilized with 4% paraformaldehyde for 5 min and washed twice with PBS. The cells were observed under microscopy, and all images were acquired and processed with a scientific grade, cooled, chargecoupled camera in the Nikon 80i microscopy system (Thromwood, NY) and Image processing software (Media Cybernetics, Silver Spring, MD), respectively.
Immunoprecipitation-2 ϫ 10 6 of HEK293 cells were plated on 10-cm diameter dishes, and 5 g of DNA was transfected with 15 l of Lipofectamine 2000. 48 h later, the cells were lysed in buffer developed by Von Bulow and Bram (17), which contains 1% dodecyl maltoside, 20 mM HEPES (pH 7.4), 150 mM NaCl, 10% glycerol, 2 mM MgSO 4 , 1 mM CaCl 2 , and 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride. The lysate was clarified by centrifugation for 15 min at 4°C. HA-tagged CAML and associated proteins were immunoprecipitated with anti-HA mouse monoclonal antibody clone 12CA5 (Roche Applied Science) conjugated to protein G-Sepharose beads (Amersham Biosciences) and subjected to protein immunoblotting. The blot was probed with polyclonal antibody to ATRAP followed by chemiluminescence detection. Parallel protein immunoblots of each sample were performed to confirm the expected expression of CAML constructs in the cells.
Cell Culture and NFAT-Luciferase Assays-HEK293 cells plated in 24-well plates with Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum were transfected with Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen) containing equal amounts of DNA including reporter gene, expression vector CAML-PEGFPN1, or ATRAP-PCDNA3.1 with appropriate amounts of empty vector pGEFPN1. The ratio of DNA to Lipofectamine was 1 g to 3 l. Reporter gene NFAT-Luc (Clontech) contains three tandem copies of the NFAT consensus sequence (18) located upstream of the minimal thymidine kinase (TK) promoter and the TATA box from the herpes simplex virus TK promoter. Located downstream of TK is the firefly luciferase reporter gene (luc) followed by the SV40 late polyadenylation signal. After endogenous NFAT transcription factors bind to the cisacting enhancer element, transcription is induced, and the reporter gene is activated. The negative control construct TK-luciferase, in which the reporter gene is controlled by thymidine kinase minimal promoter without upstream NFAT binding sites, was used as described (19). 48 h after transfection, the cells were incubated in serum-free Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium for 16 h, and quiescent cells were pretreated with 100 nM Ang II (Sigma) for 18 h. The cells were lysed with 50 l of passive lysis buffer (Promega, Madison, WI) for 30 min. 10 l of the cell extract was mixed with 100 l of luciferase reagent, and the light produced was measured for 10 s with a Victor microplate reader (PerkinElmer Life Sciences). Results were normalized to the CMV-Renilla-luciferase internal control.
RNA Interference and Western Blot-Human ATRAP small interference RNA with 19 nucleotides overhung by 3Ј dTdT was synthesized from Invitrogen. The sense oligonucleotide is 5Ј-CCU GAA GGU GAU UCU CCU AdTdT-3Ј, and the antisense oligonucleotide is 5Ј-UAG GAG AAU CAC CUU CAG GdTdT-3Ј. The annealed double-stranded small interference RNA (siRNA) was introduced into HEK293 cells with the help of Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen). 48 h after transfection, the cells were lysed and subjected to analysis of luciferase activities. For Western blot analysis, 10 7 HEK293 cells were plated on 6-well plates and transfected the next day by siRNA with 9 l of Lipofectamine/well. 24 h after transfection, the cells were washed in cold PBS buffer twice and harvested by scraping in 20 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), 150 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM EGTA, 1% Triton X-100, 20 mM ␤-glycerophosphate, 10 mM sodium pyrophosphate, 10 mM sodium vanadate, 1 l/ml leupeptin, 1 mM NaF, 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, and protease inhibitor mixture (Sigma). The insoluble protein was dissolved in 1ϫ NuPAGE SDS sample buffer, and equal amounts of proteins were loaded onto 12% NuPAGE bis-tris gel and transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane. The membrane was blocked with PBST (PBS, 0.1% Tween 20) containing 5% nonfat milk for 1 h and then incubated with ATRAP antibody for 2 h at room temperature. After three washes with PBST, the membrane was incubated with secondary antibody for 1 h at room temperature. Enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL) (Pierce) was used for detection. The membrane was stripped with Restore Western blot stripping buffer (Pierce) for 15 min at room temperature, and ␤-actin antibody was used to determine equal protein loading. Secondary antibodies were either anti-rabbit IgG/horseradish peroxidase conjugate or anti-mouse IgG/horseradish peroxidase conjugate (1:1000 dilution, Amersham Biosciences) as required.

RESULTS
Our laboratory previously identified the novel protein ATRAP that interacts with the C-terminal end of mouse AT1 receptor. The functional significance of ATRAP in AT1 receptor signaling remains unclear. To better understand the molecular mechanisms of ATRAP-mediated AT1 signaling, we employed the yeast two-hybrid screen to identify candidate proteins that interact with mouse ATRAP. Screening of 3 ϫ 10 6 transformants from a mouse testis primary cDNA library resulted in the isolation of several independent clones that have the potential to interact with ATRAP. Sequence analysis identified 12 clones that encoded for CAML. On the basis of information from the yeast screening, mouse CAML full-length cDNA was cloned into the yeast two-hybrid expression vector pGADT7. As shown in Fig. 1, A and B, CAML expressed in the reporter strain AH109 does not interact with lamin C, but CAML expressed in yeast can interact with ATRAP by activating the reporter gene ␣-galactosidase. Furthermore, using a series of deletions of ATRAP, we were able to determine that the Nterminal domain of ATRAP (aa 40 -80) primarily mediates this interaction. No interaction between CAML and AT1 or AT2 was observed. To determine the CAML structural domain involved in the interaction with ATRAP, the N-terminal end of CAML spanning aa 1-189 and C-terminal end of CAML spanning aa 189 -296 were cloned into two-hybrid expression vector pGADT7. As shown in Fig. 1B, a strong interaction between ATRAP and the N-terminal end of CAML (aa 1-189) was observed; in contrast, the C-terminal end of CAML (aa 189 -296) does not interact with ATRAP.
We next validated the interaction of ATRAP and CAML in cells by immunoprecipitation assays. We transfected HEK293 cells with the expression vector pCMV-HA encoding CAML aa 1-189, CAML aa 189 -296, or no insert. As shown in Fig. 1C, the N-terminal end of CAML (aa 1-189) but not the C-terminal end of CAML (aa 189 -296) was able to interact with endogenous ATRAP, which is consistent with the result from a yeast assay, as shown in Fig. 1B. Moreover, we confirmed the interaction of CAML with ATRAP in intact cells by the use of BRET assays. BRET is a sensitive technology developed for detecting protein-protein interactions (20) in living cells. As shown in Fig. 1D, HEK293 cells expressing chimeric forms of ATRAP fused to GFP and CAML fused to luciferase provided a significant BRET signal only when ATRAP was tagged with GFP at the C-terminal end and when luciferase was tagged at the N-terminal end of CAML. We next tested whether the subcellular distribution of ATRAP colocalizes with that of CAML. Immunohistochemistry of endogenous ATRAP and CAML has shown these proteins located in endoplasmic reticulum vesicular structures (14,21,22). As shown in the Fig. 2C, cotransfection of GFP⅐CAML and RFP⅐ATRAP in HEK293 cells shows a sharp colocalization of both proteins at perinuclear endoplasmic reticulum structures, in a pattern similar to the distribution of endogenous ATRAP (14). Furthermore, we determined the distribution of N-terminal end and C-terminal deletion mutants of CAML. As expected, the N-terminal end of CAML (aa 1-189) projects the protein into cytoplasm, whereas the C-terminal end of CAML (aa 189 -296) is membrane-associated, showing a pattern similar to the full-length CAML (data not shown). These results provide evidence for ATRAP and CAML interaction both in yeast and in mammalian cells.
We next sought to determine the functional significance of the interaction between ATRAP and CAML. CAML protein has been shown to participate in the activation of NFAT transcription factor in T cells by stimulating calcium release and then activating calcineurin (23). Moreover, it has been reported that Ang II is an activator for the calcineurin/NFAT pathway in vascular smooth muscle cells and cardiac myocytes, where it contributes to cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure (25, 26). We hypothesized that CAML mediated the effect of Ang II in regulation of NFAT signaling. As shown in Fig. 3A, overexpression of CAML mimics the effect of Ang II; however, there was little additive effect of Ang II in cells transfected with CAML expression vector. Deletion of the NFAT consensus sequence on the reporter gene abolished the effect of Ang II or CAML (data not shown). Previous studies have suggested that the N-terminal end of CAML is responsible for mediating protein interactions, whereas the C-terminal acts as an effector domain

FIG. 1. CAML interacts with ATRAP.
A, interaction of ATRAP and CAML identified by yeast two-hybrid system. The yeast reporter strain AH109 was cotransformed with the indicated ATRAP and CAML constructs cloned into the two-hybrid expression plasmids pGBKT7 and pGADT7, respectively. The cotransformants were selected in SD medium lacking leucine and tryptophan or SD medium lacking leucine, tryptophan, histidine, and adenine (QDO). The yeast ␣-galactosidase activity was determined in plates containing X-␣-gal (2 mg/ml) as a chromogenic substrate. The strength of interaction was evaluated qualitatively as the intensity of the development of blue color in yeast colonies growing in selective medium. B, interaction of ATRAP with truncated domains of CAML in yeast. The indicated constructs were transfected in AH109 cells and plated in duplicate on QDO selective medium supplemented with X-␣-gal as described above. C, coimmunoprecipitation of CAML with endogenous ATRAP. HEK293 cells were transfected with expression plasmid pCMV-HA encoding CAML 1-189 aa, CAML 189 -296 aa, or no insert. After 48 h of expression, cells were lysed, and the lysate was clarified by centrifugation. HA-tagged CAML and associated proteins were immunoprecipitated (I.P.) with monoclonal antibody to HA conjugated to agarose beads and subjected to Western blot (WB). The blot was probed with polyclonal antibody to ATRAP followed by chemiluminescent detection. Parallel protein immunoblots of each sample confirmed the expression of the truncated CAML mutant as indicated by stars in the middle panel and expression of ATRAP was detected in cells at the lower panel. D, validation of ATRAP-CAML interaction in mammalian cells by BRET assays. BRET assays show that only epitope tagged at its C-terminal end is able to generate BRET signal with CAML tagged with luciferase at the N-terminal tail. HEK293 cells were transiently transfected with GFP and luciferase constructs at a ratio of 3:1. 48 h after transfection, the cells were detached with PBS/EDTA and washed twice in PBS. Approximately 50,000 cells/well were distributed in a 96-well microplate. The DeepBlue coelenterazine substrate was added at a final concentration of 5 M, and readings were collected in a Victor microplate reader with filters at 410 and 515 nm wavelengths. (17,21); therefore, we further tested whether the expression of truncated forms of CAML could modulate the effect of Ang II on NFAT promoter activity. As shown in Fig. 3B, overexpression of ATRAP-interacting domain of CAML (aa 1-189) sensitized the effect of Ang II on NFAT promoter activity by increasing its activation by 12-fold over the untreated control, whereas overexpression of the C-terminal end of CAML (aa 189 -296) disrupted the effect of Ang II. The expression of CAML truncations did not significantly change the basal level of the reporter gene activity. These data suggest that CAML is actively involved the Ang II-induced NFAT signal pathway.
We next determined whether ATRAP is a critical mediator for the Ang II-CAML-NFAT pathway. As shown in Fig. 4A, treatment of cells with Ang II or overexpression of CAML induced the NFAT reporter gene by 4-fold. In contrast, overexpression of ATRAP decreased the basal level of NFAT reporter gene expression and disrupted Ang II-induced promoter activity. Moreover, overexpression of ATRAP blocked CAML-induced promoter activity. These results indicate that ATRAP is involved in the NFAT pathway activated by Ang II and may be a negative regulator in the AT1 signaling pathway. To confirm the putative role of ATRAP in the NFAT pathway, we examined the effect of RNA interference ATRAP knockdown in the regulation of promoter activity in HEK293 cells. As shown in Fig. 4B, transfection of 40 nM ATRAP siRNA significantly decreased ATRAP protein levels, whereas the control glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase siRNA had no effect on the protein levels of ATRAP. Furthermore, transfection of 40 nM ATRAP siRNA increased the basal level of NFAT promoter activity by 2-fold, and knockdown of ATRAP sensitized the effect of Ang II on promoter activity, increasing it by 6-fold (Fig.  4C). Thus, CAML is actively involved in the Ang II-induced NFAT signaling pathway by interacting with ATRAP. DISCUSSION We explored the signaling cascade of AT1 receptors by identifying candidate proteins that can interact with ATRAP. Discovering that CAML as a partner for ATRAP enabled us to examine the molecular mechanisms by which ATRAP is involved in AT1 receptor-mediated cellular actions. CAML was initially identified as an important regulator of the T cell receptor signaling pathway (21)(22)(23), where it causes increase of Ca 2ϩ influx, which can in turn activate the phosphatase calcineurin, leading to dephosphorylation of NFAT transcription factor. CAML has been implicated in the signal transduction cascade from a member of the tumor necrosis receptor family (transmembrane activator and CAML interactor (TACI)) to activation of NFAT, AP-1, and NFB transcription factor (17) and also has been reported to interact with epidermal growth factor receptor (24). CAML is thought to be a signal intermediate in T cell receptor signaling and may act upstream of calcineurin/NFAT and downstream of T cell receptor. Several other lines of evidence have shown that Ang II can activate the NFAT pathway, which contributes to cell growth and cardiac hypertrophy (25)(26)(27). The finding of CAML associated with the AT1/ATRAP complex may help us to elucidate a molecular link between AT1 receptor signaling and the downstream activation of NFAT signaling.
Our previous studies of the association of ATRAP with AT1 receptor suggest that ATRAP reduces Ang II-induced inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate generation (14,15). In the current study, we employed gain-of-function and loss-of-function approaches and demonstrated that ATRAP negatively regulates Ang II-induced NFAT signaling. Overexpression of ATRAP in cells not only blocked the Ang II-induced NFAT reporter gene activity but also impaired the CAML-mediated transactivation of the NFAT reporter gene, suggesting that ATRAP disrupts the Ang II effect on NFAT by interacting with CAML, leading to downregulation of cell signaling. Conversely, the ATRAP knockdown by siRNA increased the NFAT transcriptional activity and sensitized the effect of Ang II on gene expression. Interestingly, overexpression of the N-terminal end (aa 1-189) of CAML, which can interact with ATRAP, sensitized the effect of Ang II on NFAT reporter gene activity, suggesting that CAML Nterminal end might act in a dominant negative fashion for ATRAP, and the interaction between ATRAP and N-terminal end of CAML releases the inhibition of ATRAP for downstream signaling.
On the basis of our current understanding of ATRAP and CAML interaction, we proposed a model to interpret the interaction between ATRAP and CAML in cells, as shown in Fig. 5. In this model, the AT1 receptor complex consists of different protein partners, of which CAML acts as a mediator and ATRAP acts as a desensitizer. ATRAP could act as a brake for the AT1 receptor activation toward CAML-NFAT signaling. On the other hand, CAML could also be able to regulate the ATRAP inhibitory role since overexpression of an ATRAP-interacting domain of CAML (aa 1-189) increased NFAT activity, probably by interfering with ATRAP actions. There may also be an additional not yet identified X factor that could act as a modulator of ATRAP; this factor could be displaced by overexpression of the N-terminal domain of CAML (aa 1-189). On the other hand, CAML has been shown to interact with transmembrane activator and CAML interactor in cell membranes and/or intracellular Ca 2ϩ pools, such as the sarcoplasmic reticulum (17,(21)(22)(23). Considering the colocalization of CAML and ATRAP, we speculate that their interaction in the endoplasmic reticulum may also regulate intracellular Ca 2ϩ fluxes, dependent on or independent of AT1 signaling. The pools of endogenous ATRAP and CAML provide a regulatory system for the Ang II signaling onto NFAT.
In this study, we provide evidence that the interaction of ATRAP and CAML mediates the action of Ang II on NFAT activation. However, several important issues remain unclear. For example, to what extent does the interaction of ATRAP and CAML control the physiological function of Ang II? What is the role of this pathway in regulating vascular contraction in which Ca 2ϩ metabolism is actively involved? What is the functional significance of the ATRAP pathway in regulating cardiac hypertrophy? Molkentin's group (26 -28) reported that the calcineurin/NFAT pathway is activated during pathological cardiac hypertrophy and failure. Our preliminary data show that CAML is up-regulated, whereas ATRAP is down-regulated in a mouse model of cardiac hypertrophy. 2 The elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of Ang II actions and the role of ATRAP and CAML in calcineurin and NFAT activation may lead to the identification of novel drug targets for the treatment of pathological cardiac and vascular hypertrophy and remodeling.